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Search for: rheumatoid arthritis    methotrexate    autoimmune disease    biomarker    gene expression    GWAS    HLA genes    non-HLA genes   

ID PMID Title PublicationDate abstract
26783445 A case of primary biliary cirrhosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. 2016 Jan The true prevalence of PBC in RA is not well known. Herein, we report an unusual case of a patient with PBC and RA, and discuss the association between these two diseases. PBC should be ruled out in the differential diagnosis of patients with RA having abnormal liver function tests.
26557384 OsteoRheumatology: a new discipline? 2015 This review summarises recent evidence about the interaction between bone, the immune system and cartilage in disabling conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis. These topics have been recently discussed at the 'OsteoRheumatology' conference held in Genoa in October 2014. The meeting, at its 10th edition, has been conceived to bring together distinguished international experts in the fields of rheumatic and metabolic bone diseases with the aim of discussing emerging knowledge regarding the role of the bone tissue in rheumatic diseases. Moreover, this review focuses on new treatments based on underlying the pathophysiological processes in rheumatic diseases. Although, a number of issues still remain to be clarified, it seems quite clear that in clinical practice, as well as in basic and translational research, there is a need for more knowledge of the interactions between the cartilage, the immune system and the bone. In this context, 'OsteoRheumatology' represents a potential new discipline providing a greater insight into this interplay, in order to face the multifactorial and complex issues underlying common and disabling rheumatic diseases.
29213962 Action of anti-TNF-α drugs on the progression of Alzheimer's disease: A case report. 2015 Apr The aim of this study was to describe a clinical case of a patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in use of an anti-TNF-α agent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The patient reported is an 81-year-old Caucasian man and retired teacher, diagnosed with RA in 2008 and AD in 2011. Treatment with donepezil was started in 2011 and the use of etanercept introduced in 2012. He was previously treated with adalimumab in 2010 for 18 months. In 2013, the subject was engaged in a clinical trial to assess a complementary non-pharmacological approach for AD, presenting significant cognitive improvement during the follow-up period. We propose the hypothesis of a synergistic effect of anti-TNF-α medication used for the treatment of RA as the cause of the improvement in cognitive response observed. These findings could suggest a possible use of this drug class in the therapeutic management of AD.
27843369 Polymyalgia rheumatica: observations of disease evolution without corticosteroid treatment 2016 OBJECTIVES: The diagnostic diversity of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) can easily be obscured by the widespread use of corticosteroids (CSs) early in the disease course. This study observed the course of PMR without CSs and determined whether alternative medication could be useful. METHODS: Seventy patients with new-onset PMR comprised phase 1. Eight were removed with specific diagnoses (four with giant cell arteritis [GCA]). The remaining 62 were treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone until enough time had elapsed to ascertain whether their PMR had evolved into another rheumatologic inflammatory condition. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was then added to their regimen. Twenty-five additional patients with PMR comprised phase 2. Twenty-two were immediately treated with HCQ prior to the anticipated disease progression. RESULTS: In phase 1, 52/62 developed synovitis in multiple other joints 9 months from PMR onset; 48/52 received HCQ, and 42/48 (87.5%) achieved complete remission. In phase 2, during HCQ induction, 21 patients developed similar synovitis; after 6 months of HCQ use, 80% achieved remission. In 73/95 (77%), a definite diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could be made on average 8.5 months from PMR onset. Only 12/95 (13%) stayed true to form with their PMR and did not develop another specific diagnosis. CONCLUSION: In this study, true PMR was infrequent in the absence of GCA. PMR in most patients evolved into seronegative RA, which was dramatically responsive to HCQ use. Treatment of acute PMR with HCQ was a rational alternative to CS use even if progressive additive synovitis had not yet occurred.
27042691 Anthranilic Acid: A Potential Biomarker and Treatment Target for Schizophrenia. 2016 Dysregulation of Trp-Kyn pathway is the most recent hypothesis of mechanisms of schizophrenia. In particular, over-production of kynurenic acid (KYNA), one of the three immediate downstream metabolites of kynurenine (Kyn) along tryptophan (Trp): Kyn pathway, has been considered as a new target for therapeutic intervention in schizophrenia. Up-regulation of KYNA formation was suggested to occur at the expense of down-regulated production of 3-hydroxyKyn (3-HK), the second immediate downstream metabolite of Kyn. We were interested to assess the third immediate downstream Kyn metabolite, anthranilic acid (AA). Serum AA concentrations were evaluated in schizophrenia patients and control subjects by HPLC-mass spectrometry method. We found 2-fold increase of AA and 3-fold decrease of 3-HK concentrations in serum of schizophrenia patients. Up regulated formation of AA might contribute to mechanisms of schizophrenia considering experimental evidences of AA augmentation of autoimmune processes in rat and mice; clinical findings of AA elevation in rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, autoimmune diseases diametrical to schizophrenia; and involvement of autoimmunity in development of schizophrenia. Present data warrant further studies of AA as biological marker in, at least, a subgroup (associated with autoimmune mechanisms) of schizophrenia patients and as a new target for therapeutic intervention.
28955821 Identification of a 48 kDa form of unconventional myosin 1c in blood serum of patients wi 2016 Mar We searched for protein markers present in blood serum of multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in comparison to healthy human individuals. We used precipitation/extraction methods and MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, and identified a protein with Mr ~46 kDa as a fragment of human unconventional myosin IC isoform b (Myo1C). Western blotting with specific anti-human Myo1C antibodies confirmed the identity. Screening of blood serum samples from different autoimmune patients for the presence of Myo1c revealed its high level in MS and RA patients, relatively low level in SLE patients, and undetected in healthy donors. These data are suggesting that the level of p46 Myo1C in blood serum is a potential marker for testing of autoimmune diseases.
26060386 Preliminary Report of Endovascular Treatment for Critical Limb Ischemia Patients with Conn 2015 Jun Only few studies have addressed the surgical revascularization in patients with both connective tissue disease (CTD) and critical limb ischemia (CLI), and the evidence for the endovascular treatment (EVT) is lacking in such patients. The main purpose of this study is to assess our outcome of EVT in patients with CTD and ischemic leg ulcers and review the current situation of the revascularization in such patients. Medical records of 10 consecutive patients with coexistent CTD and CLI-related leg ulcers (in 11 limbs) treated endovascularly at our institution between 2009 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients had rheumatoid arthritis (n = 5), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 1), progressive systemic scleroderma (n = 3), or polyarteritis nodosa (n = 1). EVT was technically successful in all the cases. No procedure-related morbidity or mortality occurred. During the mean follow-up period of 26 months, there were no major amputations, and sustained clinical improvement (ulcer healing and reduction in Rutherford category) was observed in eight limbs. The overall 1-year rates of amputation-free survival and freedom from reintervention were 89 and 81%, respectively. In our series of patients with CTD and ischemic leg ulcers, EVT had acceptable outcomes and may be recommended as a safe and reasonably effective initial treatment option for such patients.
25381730 Sonographic measurements of low-echoic synovial area in the dorsal aspect of metatarsophal 2015 May INTRODUCTION: Assessment of synovitis in the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints with ultrasound has been shown to improve the accuracy of assessment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the presence of intraarticular low-echoic synovial area (LESA) in the MTP joints in healthy subjects complicates the sonographic assessment of these joints. METHOD: Healthy subjects with no arthritic symptoms in their MTP joints were recruited. All subjects completed a questionnaire and underwent physical examination and sonographic assessment. LESAs in the dorsal aspect of all MTP joints were measured in the longitudinal view. RESULTS: One thousand non-arthritic MTP joints in 100 healthy subjects (female 73, mean age 41.0 years old) were evaluated. Measurable LESAs were identified in all joints assessed. Mean length of LESA in each of the 1st-5th MTP joints was 17.8, 13.9, 11.9, 10.6, and 9.2 mm, respectively, whereas mean thickness was 2.4, 2.4, 1.8, 1.2, and 0.8 mm, respectively. Multivariate linear regression models identified the difference between 1st and 5th MTP joints as the most independently influential factor on the measurement of LESA. CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide the normal reference values for the measurements of LESA in Japanese, which should be taken into consideration when the synovitis in MTP joints is evaluated with ultrasound.
24837400 Pathological findings from synovium of early osteoarthritic knee joints with persistent hy 2016 May AIM: Nonspecific chronic synovitis of the knee joint was reported by Pollard in 1962 and its pathogenesis is considered to be a physiological reaction to intra-articular disease. In this study, we evaluated the pathological findings of the synovium of early osteoarthritis (OA)-affected knee joints with hydrarthrosis in comparison to typical OA. METHODS: Synovial tissues were harvested from early OA knee joints with hydrarthrosis graded 0-2 according to the Kellgren and Lawrence classification and examined by histopathology. RESULTS: The synovial tissues showed proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) as if in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and were immunohistochemically positive for matrix metalloproteinase 3, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6. CONCLUSIONS: The histology of RA is characterized by marked proliferation of FLS. In this study, the synovial tissues of early OA with hydrarthrosis showed moderate FLS proliferation. They also expressed the cytokines that are detected in the synovial tissues of RA. We suggest long-term follow-up is needed because early OA with hydrarthrosis might progress to overt RA.
27123228 Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients. 2016 Mar INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disorders. Genes and environmental factors contribute to RA. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been considered as one the RA pathogeneses. The aim of this study was to detect of the EBV genome in patients with RA. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 50 samples of synovial fluid were obtained from patients with RA from 2010-2012. Using a standard of the EBV genome and EBNA-1-specific primers, the method of PCR was set up. Then, all of the samples of synovial fluids separately were subjected to DNA extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. The statistical analysis was performed by the t-test. RESULTS: The demographic and laboratory characteristic assay revealed that the mean age of patients was 49, and the patients were 60% males and 40% females. In addition, in all cases, the mean rheumatoid factor (RF) levels of the patients were below the normal level. The results of this study showed that the PCR was able to detect EBV DNA in > 60% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that EBV was frequently detected in the synovial fluid of RA patients. Thus, EBV may be a strong candidate that can act at several levels of the pathophysiology of RA. However, these findings also indicated that EBV may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA. However, the possible relationship between RA and EBV must be determined by further research.
26635969 Predictive value of autoantibodies from anti-CCP2, anti-MCV and anti-human citrullinated f 2015 OBJECTIVES: We compared the ability of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP2), against mutated citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) and against citrullinated fibrinogen (AhFibA) to predict 1 year rapid radiographic progression (RRP; total Sharp score variation ≥5 points), in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We analysed 566 patients from the ESPOIR cohort with early RA fulfilling the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria at year 1. We assayed the 3 anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) tests on baseline sera. We compared the performance of these 3 ACPA tests to predict first-year RRP, by comparing areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs). We assessed the 1 year RRP risk by ACPA titres. We used a logistic multivariate regression to analyse RRP risk in terms either of ACPA positivity or titre: high (>3 times the N cut-off) and low (1 to 3N). RESULTS: 145 patients displayed RRP. Areas under the ROCs were similar (0.60) for the 3 tests. High ACPA titres were associated with 1 year RRP, whatever the test was, and with similar ORs. Low+ anti-MCV titres were not associated with 1-year RRP, whereas low+ anti-CCP2 titres (p=0.0226) and low+ AhFibA titres (p=0.0332) were significantly associated. In multivariate analysis, 1 year RRP was associated with anti-CCP2 positivity (p<0.0001), AhFibA positivity (p<0.0001) and high anti-MCV titres (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-CCP2 antibodies and AhFibA were predictive of 1 year RRP in early RA whatever their titre was, whereas only high anti-MCV antibody titres were predictive, potentially making them more discriminant to predict 1 year RRP risk.
26524976 CD74/DQA1 dimers predispose to the development of arthritis in humanized mice. 2016 Feb Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with the presence of certain HLA class II genes. However, why some individuals carrying RA non-associated alleles develop arthritis is still unexplained. The trans-heterodimer between two RA non-associated HLA genes can render susceptibility to develop arthritis in humanized mice, DQA1*0103/DQB1*0604, suggesting a role for DQ α chains in pathogenesis. In this study we determined the role of DQA1 in arthritis by using mice expressing DQA1*0103 and lacking endogenous class II molecules. Proximity ligation assay showed that DQA1*0103 is expressed on the cell surface as a dimer with CD74. Upon immunization with type II collagen, DQA1*0103 mice generated an antigen-specific cellular and humoral response and developed severe arthritis. Structural modelling suggests that DQA1*0103/CD74 form a pocket with similarity to the antigen binding pocket. DQA1*0103 mice present type II collagen-derived peptides that are not presented by an arthritis-resistant DQA1*0103/DQB1*0601 allele, suggesting that the DQA1*0103/CD74 dimer may result in presentation of unique antigens and susceptibility to develop arthritis. The present data provide a possible explanation by which the DQA1 molecule contributes to susceptibility to develop arthritis.
25727025 Association of neopterin as a marker of immune system activation and juvenile rheumatoid a 2015 Jul OBJECTIVE: To evaluate neopterin plasma concentrations in patients with active juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and correlate them with disease activity. METHODS: Sixty patients diagnosed as active JIA, as well as another 60 apparently healthy age- and gender-matched children as controls, were recruited from the Pediatrics Allergy and Immunology Clinic, Ain Shams University. Disease activity was assessed by the Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score 27 (JADAS-27). Laboratory investigations were performed for all patients, including determination of hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein. Serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and neopterin were measured. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between JIA patients and controls with regard to the mean levels of Hgb, ESR, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 (p<0.05). A statistically significant higher mean level serum neopterin concentration (p<0.05) was found in JIA patients (20.43±8.73 nmol/L) than in controls (6.88±2.87 nmol/L) (p<0.05). Positive significant correlations were detected between serum neopterin and ESR, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and JADAS-27 (p<0.05). No correlation was found between serum neopterin and CRP (p>0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that JADAS- 27 and ESR were the main variables associated with serum neopterin in JIA patients (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The elevation of plasma neopterin concentrations in early JIA patients may indicate stimulation of immune response. Serum neopterin can be used as a sensitive marker for assaying background inflammation and disease activity score in JIA patients.
27921093 Evaluation of a Novel Semi-Automated Ultrasound System for the Detection of Synovitis: A P 2016 Nov Background: Arthrosonography has proven to be more sensitive and reliable for the detection of synovitis than clinical examination, but a comprehensive examination of small joints is time-consuming. The automated breast volume scanner (ABVS) has been developed to allow automatic and reproducible series of consecutive B-mode pictures of the female breast. Objectives: To analyze the comparability of ABVS and conventional manual ultrasonography (mUS) for the detection of synovitis in hands and feet of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: 45 patients with early and established active rheumatoid arthritis were recruited for this trial. All subjects were assessed clinically and by manual (Esaote MyLab70) and automated ultrasound (ACUSON S2000™ ABVS). The wrists, the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands and the metatarsophalangeal joints of the feet were examined. Results: A total of 2 340 joint aspects were examined with both methods. ABVS detected 291 grade 1, 124 grade 2, 100 grade 3 cases of synovitis (515 in total) compared to 267, 180 and 145 cases of synovitis (592 in total) with mUS. 242 erosions and 52 cases of tenosynovitis were found by ABVS compared to 244 erosions and 99 cases of tenosynovitis found by mUS. Kappa coefficients for the agreement between both methods ranged from 0.51 in PIP joints to 0.71 in MCP joints. The correlations with clinical parameters as well as interrater agreements were comparable for both ultrasound methods. Conclusion: Based on the results, ABVS seems to be a promising technology for the comprehensive and time-saving assessment of synovitis in RA.
27833730 General Diseases Influence on Peri-Implantitis Development: a Systematic Review. 2016 Jul OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the influence of systemic diseases or medications used in their treatment on the dental implant therapy success. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search strategy was implemented on the National Library of Medicine database (MEDLINE) (Ovid) and EMBASE electronic databases between January 2006 and January 2016. Human studies with available English articles analysing the relationship between dental implant therapy success and systemic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, AIDS/HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease, cardiovascular diseases, scleroderma, Sjögren's syndrome, lichen planus, ectodermal dysplasia, post-transplantation status, were included in present review according to the PRISMA guidelines. The review protocol was registered on PROSPERO system with the code CRD42016033662. RESULTS: Present review included forty one retrospective and prospective follow-up studies, case-control studies, case report series and cohort studies. Despite some limitations this study reveals positive results of implantation in most systemic conditions that should be interpreted with caution. Influence of cardiovascular diseases on the dental implantation success should be explored deeply, because of controversial results and likelihood of comorbidity expressed by a history of cardiovascular diseases and periodontitis. There is only a weak relationship with bone density in osteoporosis and implant failure. All the other diseases did not show significant effect on implantation success. CONCLUSIONS: Recent studies with low strength of evidence and controversy show that systemic diseases may have potential effect on the success of implantation, but further detailed studies are needed to provide these findings.
25697984 Hormonal modulation of the immune system - A spotlight on the role of progestogens. 2015 Jun This article reviews the effects of progestogens on the innate and adaptive immunity and its role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The interplay between the sex hormones such as progestogens and the immune system is very complex. Multiple factors affect immunomodulatory effects of the progestogens including fluctuations in the endogenous sex hormone levels, stress, use of exogenous hormones (dose, route and the timing of administration), and alterations in the hormonal metabolism. Although immunomodulatory effects of progesterone, especially progesterone's effect on T cells, T cell subsets and their ratios, dose effects, and the use of synthetic progestins have been studied, there are still wide open areas for further explorations of the progestogens' multifaceted impact on the immune system. Better understanding of the intricate immunomodulatory effects of the progestins may pave the path to developing clinically meaningful therapeutic interventions in certain autoimmune diseases.
26676079 A Study Evaluating Adherence and Compliance of Anti-rheumatic Drugs in Women Suffering fro 2015 Nov BACKGROUND: Treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has always remained challenging, complex and associated with high level of non adherence, noncompliance in clinical practice. AIM: To evaluate the satisfaction/adherence/compliance rates of most commonly prescribed anti-rheumatic drugs among Indian women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive obser-vational study was undertaken to evaluate the adherence/compliance rates of most commonly prescribed anti-rheumatic drugs among women in a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India. Hundred women on anti rheumatic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were evaluated at one point analysis for adherence/compliance/satisfaction. RESULTS: Dissatisfaction rate with the anti rheumatic treatment was significantly high p<0.0001 among 68% of the women. Non compliance/ non adherence rate was also recorded very high among 52% and interrupted compliance rate was noticed among 6% of the women suffering from RA. Switch over rate to other treatment or doctors was also significantly (p<0.0001) very high among 66% of the women. Switch over to alternative treatment, treatment under quacks and intermittent self medication was recorded by 12%, 4% & 16% respectively. Among the self medication 12% of the women took corticosteroids and 4% preferred taking intermittent NSAIDs. CONCLUSION: Treatment compliance is not very good with anti-rheumatic drugs among women patients of RA due to multi-factorial reasons.
26301102 Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography of Preclinical Chloroquine Maculopathy in Egy 2015 Purpose. To evaluate the role of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in early detection of Chloroquine maculopathy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods. 40 left eyes of 40 female rheumatoid arthritis patients who received treatment chloroquine for more than one year were recruited in the study. All patients had no symptoms or signs of Chloroquine retinopathy. They were evaluated using SD-OCT, where the Central Foveal Thickness (CFT), parafoveal thickness and perifoveal thickness, average Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) thickness, and Ganglion Cell Complex (GCC) measurements were measured and compared to 40 left eyes of 40 normal females. Results. The mean CFT was found to be thinner in the Chloroquine group (238.15 µm ± 22.49) than the normal controls (248.2 µm ± 19.04), which was statistically significant (p value = 0.034). The mean parafoveal thickness was lesser in the Chloroquine group than the control group in all quadrants (p value <0.05). The perifoveal thickness in both groups showed no statistically significant difference (p value >0.05) in all quadrants. No significant difference was detected between the two groups regarding RNFL, GCC, or IS/OS junction. Conclusions. Preclinical Chloroquine toxicity can lead to early thinning in the central fovea as well as the parafoveal regions that is detected by SD-OCT.
25759693 Control of cytokine production by human fc gamma receptors: implications for pathogen defe 2015 Control of cytokine production by immune cells is pivotal for counteracting infections via orchestration of local and systemic inflammation. Although their contribution has long been underexposed, it has recently become clear that human Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs), which are receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, play a critical role in this process by controlling tissue- and pathogen-specific cytokine production. Whereas individual stimulation of FcγRs does not evoke cytokine production, FcγRs cell-type specifically interact with various other receptors for selective amplification or inhibition of particular cytokines, thereby tailoring cytokine responses to the immunological context. The physiological function of FcγR-mediated control of cytokine production is to counteract infections with various classes of pathogens. Upon IgG opsonization, pathogens are simultaneously recognized by FcγRs as well as by various pathogen-sensing receptors, leading to the induction of pathogen class-specific immune responses. However, when erroneously activated, the same mechanism also contributes to the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review, we discuss control of cytokine production as a novel function of FcγRs in human innate immune cells in the context of homeostasis, infection, and autoimmunity and address the possibilities for future therapeutic exploitation.
25631752 Phenotypic changes in dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord in the collagen antibody-induce 2015 Jul 1 The mechanisms underlying rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-induced pain are still not fully elucidated, and accumulating data indicate that peripheral inflammation is not the only factor driving pain in these patients. The focus of our work is to investigate the molecular basis for long-term alterations in nociceptive pathways induced by polyarthritis using the collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) mouse model. In this model, mechanical hypersensitivity outlasts the joint inflammation by weeks. Here we examined expression levels of neuropeptides, ion channels, and nerve injury markers associated with neuropathic and/or inflammatory pain in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord both during the peak of inflammation (day 15) and when the inflammation has resolved but the hypersensitivity persists (days 45-47). No apparent differences were observed in substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, or neuropeptide Y protein expression in DRGs and spinal cord of CAIA mice. However, the neuropeptide galanin, the ATP-gated ion channel P2X3, and calcium channel subunit α2δ1 were significantly increased in the CAIA DRGs as compared to controls, both 15 and 47 days after induction of arthritis. On day 15 there was an increase in expression of two factors associated with nerve injury and cell stress, activating transcription factor 3 and growth-associated protein 43 in DRGs, whereby the latter was still dramatically upregulated after 47 days. In conclusion, this study suggests that long-term joint inflammation has an impact on DRG neurons that resembles both inflammation and nerve injury-induced pain states. Thus, antibody-driven inflammation generates a pain state with a unique neurochemical profile.