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ID PMID Title PublicationDate abstract
26483758 New drug target in protozoan parasites: the role of thioredoxin reductase. 2015 Amebiasis causes approximately 70,000 deaths annually and is the third cause of death due to parasites worldwide. It is treated primarily with metronidazole, which has adverse side effects, is mutagenic and carcinogenic, and emergence of resistance is an increasing concern. Unfortunately, better therapeutic alternatives are lacking. Re-purposing of older FDA approved drugs is advantageous to drug discovery since safety and pharmacokinetic effects in humans are already known. In high throughput screening studies, we recently demonstrated that auranofin, a gold containing compound originally approved to treat rheumatoid arthritis, has activity against trophozoites of E. histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis. Auranofin's anti-parasitic activity is attributed to its monovalent gold molecule that readily inhibits E. histolytica thioredoxin reductase. This anti-oxidant enzyme is the only thiol-dependent flavo-reductase present in E. histolytica. Auranofin has also shown promising activity against other protozoans of significant public health importance. Altogether, this evidence suggests that auranofin has the potential to become a broad spectrum alternative therapeutic agent for diseases with a large global burden.
26458097 The immunoproteasome: a novel drug target for autoimmune diseases. 2015 Jul The immunoproteasome, a special class of the proteasome, is mainly expressed in cells of haematopoietic origin. Additionally, during inflammation, the immunoproteasome is induced by IFN-γ or TNF-α. In recent years it became apparent that the immunoproteasome has important functions other than processing proteins for MHC class I restricted presentation. The immunoproteasome plays a critical role in T cell expansion, cytokine production, and T helper cell differentiation. Inhibition of the immunoproteasome ameliorated disease symptoms in different animal models for autoimmune diseases. Hence, the unique role for LMP7 in controlling pathogenic immune responses provides a therapeutic rationale for targeting LMP7 in autoimmune disorders. In this review we summarise the effect of immunoproteasome inhibition in animal models for rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis.
26195032 [Cutaneous symptoms of various vasculitides]. 2015 Aug The skin is one of the organs most frequently involved in vasculitides. Cutaneous vasculitis may present (1) part of a systemic vasculitis (e.g., IgA vasculitis), (2) a skin-restricted or skin-dominant variant of the corresponding systemic vasculitis without clinically apparent visceral involvement (e.g., cutaneous IgA vasculitis), or (3) a vasculitis occurring exclusively in the skin (e.g., erythema elevatun diutinum). The clinical symptoms of vasculitides are markedly determined by the size of the predominantly affected blood vessels. Systemic polyarteritis nodosa is regarded as a medium vessel vasculitis and is associated with multiple skin symptoms: (1) vasculitis of digital arteries with ensuing digital infarction, (2) livedo racemosa and subcutaneous nodules, and (3) in some patients even purpura and hemorrhagic macules due to additional small vessel vasculitis. In contrast, in its skin-restricted entity (i.e., cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa), the predominant symptoms are subcutaneous nodules surrounded by livedo racemosa, often on the lower legs. Among small-vessel vasculitides palpable purpura with predilection for the legs is a nearly pathognomonic feature of immune complex vasculitis. Variations in clinical symptoms indicate additional pathophysiological mechanisms or different vascultides: (1) ANCA-associated vasculitides often also entail nodules or sometimes livedo, (2) cryoglobulinemic vasculitis additionally may present with necrosis at cold exposed areas and involvement of vessels of various size, (3) small vessel vasculitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis shows predilection for additional sites (e.g., nailfolds) and also involvement of vessels beyond postcapillary venules, (4) recurrent macular vasculitis in hypergammaglobulinemia also occurs on dependent parts, but shows numerous small hemorrhagic macules instead of palpable purpura, (5) erythema elevatum diutinum begins with brightly red to violaceous plaques at extensor sites, followed by fibrotic nodules. Consequently, cutaneous symptoms provide pivotal clues for further diagnosis and ensuing management of vasculitides.
25449677 The mechanisms behind helminth's immunomodulation in autoimmunity. 2015 Feb The incidence of autoimmune diseases has risen throughout the last half a century, mostly in the industrialized world. Helminths and their derivatives were found to have a protective role in autoimmunity and inflammatory conditions, as they manipulate the immune network, attenuating the host's cellular and humoral responses. Indeed, various helminth species used in several human and animal models were shown to limit inflammatory activity in a variety of diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. Our review will focus on the main mechanisms by which helminths and their secreted molecules modulate the host's immune system. The main pathways induce a shift from Th1 to Th2 phenotype, accelerate T regulatory and B regulatory phenotypes, and attenuate the levels of the inflammatory cytokines, leading to a tolerable scenario.
25381328 Natural antisense RNAs are involved in the regulation of CD45 expression in autoimmune dis 2015 Mar CD45 is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase that is specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells and can initiate signal transduction via the dephosphorylation of tyrosine. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encode distinct isoforms, which indicate different functional states of CD45. Among these variants, CD45RO, which contains neither exon 4, 5, or 6, is over-expressed in lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes. The CD45 RO serves as a marker of the immune response activity and lymphocyte development. Previous studies have indicated that exon splicing is generally correlated with local hypermethylated DNA and acetylated histone modification, while autoimmune diseases are commonly associated with global hypomethylation and histone deacetylation in lymphocytes. Thus, the question arises of how exons 4, 5, and 6 of CD45RO are excluded under the status of global DNA hypomethylation and histone deacetylation in these autoimmune diseases. On the basis of the analyses of the context sequence of CD45 and its natural antisense RNA in GenBank, we proposed that the long noncoding RNA encoded by the natural antisense gene of CD45 contributes to the expressional regulation of the CD45RO splicing variant via recruitment of DNA methyltransferase and histone modification modulators specific to the sense gene CD45; thus, it is associated with the over-expression of CD45RO and the functional regulation of lymphocytes in the pathogenic development of autoimmune diseases.
28236403 Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of black seed (Nigella sativa). 2016 Oct Black seed (Nigella sativa) is an annual flowering plant from Ranunculaceae family, native to southwest Asia. This plant has many food and medicinal uses. The use of its seeds and oil is common for treatment of many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory diseases, diabetes and digestive diseases. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive review on the scientific reports that have been published about N. sativa. The facts and statistics presented in this review article were gathered from the journals accessible in creditable databases such as Science Direct, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, EMBASE, SID and IranMedex. The keywords searched in Persian and English books on medicinal plants and traditional medicine, as well as the above reputable databases were "Black seed", "Nigella sativa", "therapeutic effect", and "medicinal plant". The results showed that N. sativa has many biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and wound healing activities. It also has effects on reproductive, digestive, immune and central nervous systems, such as anticonvulsant and analgesic activities. In summary, it can be used as a valuable plant for production of new drugs for treatment of many diseases.
28116270 A Rare Case of Multiple Rice Bodies in Glenohumeral Joint, Subscapular Recess and Along Lo 2016 Jul INTRODUCTION: Synovial chondromatosis is a rare, generally benign condition which affects the synovial membranes and commonly involves the large joints such as the knee, and hip. It is usually mono-articular and more common in males. Synovial chondromatosis is characterized by the presence of multiple cartilaginous nodules in the joint synovium. The definitive diagnosis is achieved after the pathological examination of the synovial tissue. It can be very destructive and can cause severe osteoarthritis, pain and malignant transformation. We present a rare case of primary synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder joint in a 31-year-old male patient. CASE PRESENTATION: A 31-year-old man presented with pain and restricted movements of left shoulder for past 6 months, which was insidious in onset and gradually progressive. He had no history of trauma, fever, loss of appetite or weight loss. No tenderness or warmth over shoulder joint was observed. Restriction of movements was observed in all directions. No abnormality was detected in central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, genitourinary, or gastrointestinal systems. Routine pre-operative investigations (including liver function and renal function tests) were within the normal limit, serological investigation for rheumatoid arthritis was negative. Excision biopsy of loose bodies was performed. Biopsy reported histological features ofsynovial chondromatosis. CONCLUSION: Synovial osteochondromatosis of shoulder joint, subscapular recess and along the long head of biceps is a rare case (less than 5% cases reported till date). Understanding the pathology, recognizing the radiographic and MRI appearance of primary synovial chondromatosis and differentiating it from secondary form, malignancy and other synovial pathologies are important in the diagnosis and clinical management of these patients.
27957282 Atypical methotrexate ulcerative stomatitis with features of lymphoproliferative like diso 2016 Dec Methotrexate (MTX) is an established immunomodulating agent used in low doses (LDMTX) to treat several autoimmune diseases. Ulcerative stomatitis (US) may be observed as a long-term LDMTX adverse effect showing a wide histopathologic spectrum. A 73-year old female presented with painful oral ulcers of 5 days duration. The patient had been under treatment for rheumatoid arthritis with LDMTX, while one week before presentation she was prescribed ciprofloxacin for a urinary infection. Histopathologic examination of a lingual ulcer revealed a polymorphous lymphohistiocytic proliferation with scattered binucleated atypical lymphocytes. Immunohistochemically, most cells were of T-cell lineage while the EBER test was negative and a diagnosis of MTX-induced reactive ulceration was rendered. MTX cessation resulted in complete resolution of the ulcers with no recurrences reported so far. The clinical and histopathologic features of MTX-induced oral ulcers are not always diagnostic and a detailed history and an extensive clinicopathologic investigation may be needed to exclude a lymphoproliferative disorder. Key words:Atypical oral ulcers, ciprofloxacin, lymphoproliferative disorders, methotrexate.
27845762 Recent Progress in the Molecular Recognition and Therapeutic Importance of Interleukin-1 R 2016 Nov 13 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most upstream pattern recognition receptors in the cell, which detect pathogen associated molecular patterns and initiate signal transduction, culminating in the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antiviral interferon. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a key mediator in TLR (except for TLR3) and interleukin-1 receptor signaling pathways. The loss of kinase function of IRAK4 is associated with increased susceptibility to various pathogens, while its over-activation causes autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. The therapeutic importance of this master kinase has been advocated by a number of recent preclinical studies, where potent inhibitors have been administered to improve various TLR-mediated pathologies. Increasing studies of X-ray crystallographic structures with bound inhibitors have improved our knowledge on the molecular recognition of ligands by IRAK4, which will be crucial for the development of new inhibitors with improved potencies. In this review, we briefly discuss the structural aspect of ligand recognition by IRAK4 and highlight its therapeutic importance in the context of TLR-associated unmet medical needs.
27826114 Nocardia elegans infection: a case report and literature review. 2017 Jan A case of disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia elegans in a 72-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis, treated with tacrolimus and prednisolone, is reported herein. The patient had impaired vision and was diagnosed with endophthalmitis and an abdominal skin abscess. He was started on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment, followed by cefepime. The patient was then switched to a combination of imipenem-cilastatin and minocycline. Although the patient survived as a result of surgery and prolonged antibiotic treatment, he eventually lost vision after the infection became resistant to antibiotic treatment. Molecular analysis of samples from the abscess and vitreous fluid confirmed the extremely rare pathogen N. elegans, which accounts for only 0.3-0.6% of infections caused by Nocardia species. This organism is almost always associated with pulmonary infection, and disseminated infections are rare. As with previously reported norcardial infections, the current case was treated successfully with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides. However, the clinical characteristics of this organism remain unclear. Further studies are therefore required to develop more effective treatment protocols for disseminated nocardiosis caused by this problematic pathogen.
27504019 Influence of exogenous leptin on redox homeostasis in neutrophils and lymphocytes cultured 2016 OBJECTIVES: Leptin is an adipose cells derived hormone that regulates energy homeostasis within the body. Energy metabolism of immune cells influences their activity within numerous pathological states, but the effect of leptin on these cells in unclear. On the one hand, it was observed that leptin induces neutrophils chemotaxis and modulates phagocytosis. On the other hand, neutrophils exposed to leptin did not display detectable Ca(2+) ions mobilization or β2-integrin upregulation. In this study, we investigated the effect of leptin on the redox homeostasis in lymphocytes and neutrophils. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Neutrophils and lymphocytes were isolated by density-gradient centrifugation of blood from healthy volunteers. Cells were cultured with or without leptin (100 ng/ml for lymphocytes and 500 ng/ml for neutrophils) or with or without synovial fluid (85%) for 0-72 h. Culture media were not changed during incubation. Cells were homogenized and homogenate was frozen until laboratory measurements. Redox homeostasis was assessed by the reduced glutathione (GSH) vs. oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio and membrane lipid peroxidation evaluation. RESULTS: Lymphocytes cultured with leptin and synovial fluid showed a significant increase of the GSSG level. The GSSG/GSH ratio increased by 184 ±37%. In neutrophils incubated in a similar environment, the GSSG/GSH ratio increased by just 21 ±7%, and the effect was observed irrespectively of whether they were exposed to leptin or synovial fluid or both together. Neither leptin nor synovial fluid influenced lipid peroxidation in neutrophils, but in lymphocytes leptin intensified lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin altered the lymphocytes, but not neutrophils redox state. Because firstly neutrophils are anaerobic cells and have just a few mitochondria and secondly lymphocytes have typical aerobic metabolism, the divergence of our data supports the hypothesis that leptin induces oxidative stress by modulation of mitochondria.
27406378 Treat to target in systemic lupus erythematosus: a commentary. 2016 Aug Treat to target (T2T) strategies have proved to be useful in several chronic disorders, including Rheumatoid Arthritis. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), T2T strategy has been proposed in order to control disease activity, improve health-related quality of life, and reduce morbidity and mortality. Remission would be the main target, but a low disease activity state (LDAS) could be an acceptable alternative. However, due to SLE protean manifestations, the operational definitions of both remission and LDAS are still in progress. The definitions of these targets, remission and LDAS, should include a validated disease activity index, the treatments allowed, and the minimum length of time the target should be maintained. Furthermore, achieving these targets should result in better disease outcomes such as reducing damage accrual. This review addresses the current state regarding these possible targets in SLE and the impact of achieving them in intermediate and long-term outcomes of this disease.
27324458 Convergence chromatographic determination of camphor in the essential oil of Tanacetum par 2016 Dec Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L., Asteraceae) is a perennial medicinal plant which has been used to alleviate the symptoms of migraine, headache and rheumatoid arthritis and possesses numerous pharmacological activities. An ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatographic method (UHPSFC) was developed and validated in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines in order to determine the camphor content of the volatile oil, which was accurate, precise, robust and selective. The method was validated for specificity, accuracy (100.2%), repeatability and intermediate precision, linearity (r(2)  > 0.999), limit of detection (2.055 μg/mL), limit of quantification (6.228 μg/mL) and robustness. The common range of accuracy and linearity was between 0.125 and 1.000 mg/mL. Steam distillation was carried out in order to study the essential oil yield of three different T. parthenium L. samples originating from Hungarian medicinal herb collections. The camphor content of the essential oils from the aerial parts of feverfew samples from different origin was compared. Although the composition of the essential oil is well reported, a validated quantitative UHPSFC method for the determination of the constituents is presented herein for the first time.
27241177 Emerging roles of CCN proteins in vascular development and pathology. 2016 Sep The CCN family of proteins consists of 6 members (CCN1-CCN6) that share conserved functional domains. These matricellular proteins interact with growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cell surface integrins and other receptors to promote ECM-intracellular signaling. This signaling leads to propagation of a variety of cellular actions, including adhesion, invasion, migration and proliferation within several cell types, including epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Though CCNs share significant homology, the function of each is unique due to distinct and cell specific expression patterns. Thus, their correct spatial and temporal expressions are critical during embryonic development, wound healing, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Disruption of these patterns leads to severe development disorders and contributes to the pathological progression of cancers, vascular diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases such as colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. While the effects of CCNs are diverse, this review will focus on the role of CCNs within the vasculature during development and in vascular diseases.
27041824 The Role of Protein Arginine Methyltransferases in Inflammatory Responses. 2016 Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) mediate the methylation of a number of protein substrates of arginine residues and serve critical functions in many cellular responses, including cancer development, progression, and aggressiveness, T-lymphocyte activation, and hepatic gluconeogenesis. There are nine members of the PRMT family, which are divided into 4 types (types I-IV). Although most PRMTs do not require posttranslational modification (PTM) to be activated, fine-tuning modifications, such as interactions between cofactor proteins, subcellular compartmentalization, and regulation of RNA, via micro-RNAs, seem to be required. Inflammation is an essential defense reaction of the body to eliminate harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens. However, chronic inflammation can eventually cause several types of diseases, including some cancers, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis. Therefore, inflammation responses should be well modulated. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of PRMTs in the control of inflammation. More specifically, we review the roles of four PRMTs (CARM1, PRMT1, PRMT5, and PRMT6) in modulating inflammation responses, particularly in terms of modulating the transcriptional factors or cofactors related to inflammation. Based on the regulatory roles known so far, we propose that PRMTs should be considered one of the target molecule groups that modulate inflammatory responses.
27027811 Management of connective tissue diseases associated interstitial lung disease: a review of 2016 May PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Interstitial lung disease (ILD), though a common and often a severe manifestation of many connective tissue diseases (CTD), is challenging to manage because of its variable presentation and the relative lack of guidelines to assist the clinician. In this review, we discuss the approach to diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring patients with CTD-associated ILD, with a focus on systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM). RECENT FINDINGS: High-resolution computed tomography scan and pulmonary function testing can be reliably used to diagnose ILD and monitor progression, and often to determine its likely histologic subtype and severity. In SSc-ILD, randomized controlled trials show ILD stabilization with cyclophosphamide treatment; preliminary data from another randomized controlled trial demonstrates similar findings with mycophenolate. There are no robust clinical trials supporting specific treatments for RA-ILD or IIM-ILD, but rituximab in RA-ILD, and cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate and calcineurin inhibitors in IIM-ILD show promise. SUMMARY: Though ILD contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality in patients with CTD, there are minimal data to guide its management except in SSc-ILD.
27007054 Interplay between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Th17 cells: foe or friend? 2016 Jun 7 Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Th17 cells were first discovered in the fields of cancer and autoimmunity, respectively. In recent years, their activities have been explored in other biological and pathological conditions, such as infective diseases and solid organ transplantation. However, the interplay between MDSCs and Th17 cells and the mechanism of their interaction remain obscure. This review summarized and analyzed the relationship between MDSCs and Th17 cells, both of which participate in tumor, autoimmune disease, infection and other conditions. In tumors, the increase in MDSCs at the tumor site is usually accompanied by the accumulation of Th17 cells. However, their relationship is inconsistent in different tumors. In arthritic mice or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, an increase in MDSCs, which could ameliorate disease symptoms, causes decreased IL-17A gene expression and Th17 cells accumulation. Furthermore, we concluded that the interaction between MDSCs and Th17 cells is mainly mediated by cytokines. However, the mechanisms require further investigation. Determining the details of their interplay will provide a better understanding of immune networks and could lead to the development of immunotherapeutic strategies in the future.
26753211 [Discontinuation of immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs in connective tissue dise 2015 Remission in connective tissue diseases became a realistic goal of therapy nowadays. However, there is lack of recommendations on the management after achieving a remission. Chronic exposure to immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs may be associated with adverse events, that is why temporal withdrawal or discontinuation of treatment is advisable. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who achieve sustained remission lasting for 6-12 months, an attempt to withdraw biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) may be considered. In most patients with established RA discontinuation of bDMARDs is accompanied by a disease flare, butthe risk of loss of good therapeutic response is lower in case of slowly tapering by expanding the interval between doses or reducing the dose of bDMARDs. Patients with early RA are more likely to have successful discontinuation of therapy. Discontinuation of conventional DMARDs (cDMARDs) is usually associated with a disease flare, that is why tapering of doses is advised rather than stopping cDMARDs. DMARDs free remission occurs relatively rare, more often in patients with seronegative RA and with early onset of modifying treatment. In lupus nephritis (LN) patients with persistent, long-term remission, progressive tapering of doses of immunosuppressive drugs and glucocorticoids is recommended, with treatment discontinuation as a goal. An attempt of treatment withdrawal may be taken in patients remaining in LN complete remission as a consequence of maintenance therapy for 3 years.The process of slow tapering of doses preceding discontinuation of drugs, may last several months. The therapy with antimalarial drugs may be helpful to maintain remission after the treatment discontinuation. There is few data on treatment discontinuation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without kidney involvement. Immunosuppressive drugs withdrawal is usually performed in patients with stable serological and clinically asymptomatic disease lasting for ≥ 2 years, on maintenance antimalarial therapy. Discontinuation of immunomodulatory treatment seems unlikely in primary systemic vasculitis.
26659091 Role of the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway in autoimmune diseases. 2016 Feb TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a member of the TNFSF ligands, initially synthesized as a type II transmembrane protein. TWEAK signaling occurs via binding to Fn14, a type I transmembrane receptor belonging to the TNF receptor superfamily. TWEAK/Fn14 activation controls several cellular responses, including proliferation, angiogenesis, induction of inflammatory cytokines. Studies have indicated that expression of TWEAK/Fn14 was dysregulated in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease. Functional analysis suggested that TWEAK/Fn14 may play an important role in the development of these diseases. In this review, we discuss the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway and its significant role in autoimmune disorders. The information obtained may lead to a better understanding of the insights into TWEAK/Fn14 in these autoimmune diseases.
26635922 Therapeutic modification of arterial stiffness: An update and comprehensive review. 2015 Nov 26 Arterial stiffness has been recognized as a marker of cardiovascular disease and associated with long-term worse clinical outcomes in several populations. Age, hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia, known as traditional vascular risk factors, as well as diabetes, obesity, and systemic inflammation lead to both atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Targeting multiple modifiable risk factors has become the main therapeutic strategy to improve arterial stiffness in patients at high cardiovascular risk. Additionally to life style modifications, long-term ω-3 fatty acids (fish oil) supplementation in diet may improve arterial stiffness in the population with hypertension or metabolic syndrome. Pharmacological treatment such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists, metformin, and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors were useful in individuals with hypertension and diabetes. In obese population with obstructive sleep apnea, weight reduction, aerobic exercise, and continuous positive airway pressure treatment may also improve arterial stiffness. In the populations with chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, a use of antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha could work effectively. Other therapeutic options such as renal sympathetic nerve denervation for patients with resistant hypertension are investigated in many ongoing clinical trials. Therefore our comprehensive review provides knowledge in detail regarding many aspects of pathogenesis, measurement, and management of arterial stiffness in several populations, which would be helpful for physicians to make clinical decision.