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ID PMID Title PublicationDate abstract
33116006 Variability of salivary metabolite levels in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. 2020 Dec 23 PURPOSE: To investigate inter- and intra-individual variation in the levels and outputs (concentration multiplied by salivary flow rate) of salivary metabolites in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS: A total of 56 samples of stimulated saliva were collected from 14 female pSS patients during four laboratory visits within 20 weeks and analyzed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Single saliva samples from each of 15 controls were also analyzed. RESULTS: Among 21 quantified metabolites, choline was significantly elevated in the pSS patients at each time point (P ≤ 0.015), taurine at the last three time points (P ≤ 0.013), alanine at the last two time points (P ≤ 0.007) and glycine at the last time point (P = 0.005). Inter-individual variation in metabolite concentrations was generally larger among the patients than among the controls, and significantly large variations were observed for glycine (P ≤ 0.007, all time points), choline (P ≤ 0.033, three last time points) and alanine (P = 0.028, baseline). Metabolite output analysis showed that choline had the lowest intra-patient variation. CONCLUSION: In spite of considerable intra- and inter-individual variation, levels and outputs of specific metabolites in patients with pSS differ from those in controls, and may be potentially applicable as new biological markers for monitoring of the response to treatment.
31063639 How Footwear Is Assessed in Patient Reported Measures for People with Arthritis: A Scoping 2020 Feb BACKGROUND: In people with arthritis, footwear may influence foot function, pain, and mobility. In order to measure the effectiveness of interventions and patient experience, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) are frequently used. The aim of the scoping review was to identify footwear item content within foot-specific PROMs and PREMs used in people with arthritis. METHOD: Original studies that developed or validated a footwear-inclusive PROM or PREM for use in people with arthritis affecting the foot were included. A comprehensive search was conducted using AMED, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Ovid Emcare and Embase. A content analysis of extracted footwear content items was performed, by coding item content and grouping into broad themes, then further narrowing down and defining themes under five main categories. RESULTS: Nineteen articles satisfied inclusion criteria for this scoping exercise. Eleven PROMs met the inclusion criteria, five of which were designed for use in disease-specific populations (rheumatoid arthritis and gout) and six designed for generic populations. Categories of the footwear specific content from the PROMs included pain, impairment and function, shoe-specific characteristics, and psychosocial aspects. None of the included PROMs assessed footwear satisfaction. Eight PREMs relating to footwear experiences were identified. Seven of the PREMs were disease specific (inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis) and one was generic. Content of the footwear-related items of the included PREMs were categorized under pain, impairment and function, footwear satisfaction, and shoe-specific characteristics. None of the PREM studies reported on psychosocial aspects of footwear. CONCLUSIONS: Many different instruments have been used to measure the experience of footwear in patients with arthritis. However, no comprehensive tool that evaluates footwear and its relationship with pain, impairment, and disability; the psychosocial aspects of footwear; specific footwear features; and satisfaction is currently available for use in people with arthritis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.
33680045 Development and Characterization of Niosomal Gel System using Lallementia royaleana Benth. 2020 Summer Niosomes structural framework comprises of non-ionic surfactant-based microscopic lamellar structures which carries the potential to sustain the effect of drug from its delivery system. In present work, the attempt was made to identify the effect of different ingredients such as effect of Tweens and natural mucilage of Lallemantia royaleana Benth. on the performance of developed niosomal gel formulations in order to prolong the duration of action of drug and to minimize its side effects of topical conventional drug administration. All Ibuprofen loaded niosomes formulationswere prepared by ether injection method; using cetosteryl alcohol with different variants of Tweens and Spans. Various evaluation parameters were performed to confirm niosome formation. Further, the niosomes were incorporated into gel system and evaluated for in-vitro permeability study (ex-vivo) on excised rat skin by membrane diffusion method and in-vivo study by carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. The best selected niosome formulation F9 gave no sedimentation, layer separation and unchanged particle shapes and thus selected for gel preparation using Lallemantia royaleana Benth. mucilage and carbopol in different ratios. Ex-vivo and in-vivo studies indicated high skin retention and penetration rates within the skin for tests niosomal gel formulations (G1 & G2). The present study suggested that developed topical gel formulation provides enhance permeability and longer duration of drug action over conventional gels.
32902026 Anisotropic Bimetallic Core-Satellite-Poly(aniline) Nanohybrids for Detection of Autoantib 2020 Oct Bimetallic core-satellite nanoparticles are widely exploited in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based applications due to their enhanced optical properties compared to single-component metallic nanoparticles (MNPs). In addition, anisotropic hybrid nanostructures containing both MNPs and polymeric compartments constitute a new class of functional nanomaterials for photonic applications because they show different functionalities and physicochemical characteristics at two distinct compartments. Herein, synthesis of two kinds of anisotropic bimetallic core-satellite-poly(aniline) nanohybrids (ABCPNs) using small or polymeric ligand-coated gold nanospheres or gold nanorods as seeds is reported. The ABCPNs exhibit enhanced optical properties due to a local electromagnetic field generated in the narrow interparticle gap between core and satellite nanoparticles. Furthermore, a SERS-based quantitative analysis of autoantibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide using the ABCPNs as SERS nanoprobes for a diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis is demonstrated, suggesting that these multifunctional nanostructures will be potential for advanced SERS-based biosensors.
32082321 Osteoimmunology: A Current Update of the Interplay Between Bone and the Immune System. 2020 Immunology, already a discipline in its own right, has become a major part of many different medical fields. However, its relationship to orthopedics and trauma surgery has unfortunately, and perhaps unjustly, been developing rather slowly. Discoveries in recent years have emphasized the immense breadth of communication and connection between both systems and, importantly, the highly promising therapeutic opportunities. Recent discoveries of factors originally assigned to the immune system have now also been shown to have a significant impact on bone health and disease, which has greatly changed how we approach treatment of bone pathologies. In case of bone fracture, immune cells, especially macrophages, are present throughout the whole healing process, assure defense against pathogens and discharge a complex variety of effectors to regulate bone modeling. In rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, the immune system contributes to the formation of the pathological and chronic conditions. Fascinatingly, prosthesis failure is not at all solely a mechanical problem of improper strain but works in conjunction with an active contribution of the immune system as a reaction to irritant debris from material wear. Unraveling conjoined mechanisms of the immune and osseous systems heralds therapeutic possibilities for ailments of both. Contemplation of the bone as merely an unchanging support pillar is outdated and obsolete. Instead it is mandatory that this highly diverse network be incorporated in our understanding of the immune system and hematopoiesis.
32681961 Study of double-targeting nanoparticles loaded with MCL-1 siRNA and dexamethasone for adju 2020 Sep The co-delivery of nanoparticles encapsulating gene therapies and chemotherapeutic drugs can achieve synergistic treatment and reduce side effects in normal tissues relative to the systemic use of single drug delivery. Activated macrophages play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural polysaccharide, is a specific ligand for CD44 that is overexpressed on the surface of activated macrophages. In this study, HA-coated pH-responsive nanoparticles loaded with MCL-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and dexamethasone (HNPs/MD) were developed for RA treatment. The HNPs/MD had a mean particle size of 117.07 ± 2.21 nm and zeta potential of 15.53 ± 1.06 mV. The release rates of both MCL-1 siRNA and dexamethasone from the HNPs/MD at pH 4.5 and 6.0 were higher than those at pH 7.4, indicating that the nanoparticles were acid-sensitive. Cytotoxicity assays showed that compared with single drug loaded nanoparticles, the HNPs/MD showed higher cytotoxicity to activated macrophages. The superior therapeutic effect of HNPs/MD was demonstrated in an adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model. These findings indicate that pH-sensitive and HA-targeting co-delivery nanoparticles provide a new direction for the therapy of RA.
32974432 Congenital double mitral orifice with severe mitral regurgitation-associated rheumatoid ar 2020 Aug BACKGROUND: A double orifice mitral valve (DOMV) represents a rare congenital malformation characterized by two valve orifices with two separate subvalvular apparatus. Double orifice mitral valve is congenital anomaly of the subvalvular mitral valve apparatus consisting of an accessory bridge of fibrous tissue, which partially or completely divides the mitral valve into two orifices. CASE SUMMARY: A 30-year young male presented with dyspnoea and palpitation for 4 years, joint pain for 2 years and weakness of right upper limb and lower limb for 6 months. On clinical examination, Boutonniere, Swan neck, and Z-deformity of hand and foot metatarsal bone deformities are noted, on further evaluation, patient was diagnosed as a case of DOMV and was managed conservatively since patient was not willing for surgery. DISCUSSION: Two-dimensional echocardiography is the best detection method, the parasternal short-axis view being most useful to show DOMV.
32890852 Cranial Settling Causing Intracranial Hemorrhage Through Violation of the Skull Base by Ce 2021 Jan BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory polyarthropathy that affects many synovial joints favoring the hands, knees, and vertebral articulations. Joint laxity manifests as subaxial instability, atlantoaxial instability, and cranial settling (CS). CASE DESCRIPTION: A 70-year-old woman with past medical history of RA, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, osteoporosis, history of C1-2 fusion for instability 15 years prior, with subsequent revision cervicothoracic fusion for degeneration, and trauma 2 years prior presents with new onset headache, nausea, and vomiting of 36-hour duration. Neurologic examination was only notable for mild right dysmetria. Workup revealed acute hemorrhage in the posterior fossa with migration of the right rod implant and screw tulip, as a result of CS. The patient underwent occipital-cervical fusion with removal of the migratory hardware. CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial rod migration and hemorrhage secondary to CS is a rare complication that must be brought to the attention of surgeons operating on patients with RA.
32570440 Are Clinical Decision Support Systems Compatible with Patient-Centred Care? 2020 Jun 16 Few, if any, of the Clinical Decision Support Systems developed and reported within the informatics literature incorporate patient preferences in the formal and quantitatively analytic way adopted for evidence. Preferences are assumed to be 'taken into account' by the clinician in the associated clinical encounter. Many CDSS produce management recommendations on the basis of embedded algorithms or expert rules. These are often focused on a single criterion, and the preference trade-offs involved have no empirical basis outside an expert panel. After illustrating these points with the Osteoporosis Adviser CDSS from Iceland, we review an ambitious attempt to address both the monocriterial bias and lack of empirical preference-sensitivity, in the context of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. It brings together the preference data from a Discrete Choice Experiment and the best available evidence data, to arrive at the percentage of patients who would prefer particular treatments from those in the listed options. It is suggested that these percentages could assist a GRADE panel determine whether to produce a strong or weak recommendation. However, any such group average preference-based recommendations are arguably in breach of both the reasonable patient legal standard for informed consent and simple ethical principles. The answer is not to localise, but personalise, decisions through the use of preference-sensitive multi-criteria decision support tools engaged with at the point of care.
31985379 Cardiovascular Consequences of Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. 2020 The increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus has been extensively documented. Sub-clinical atherosclerosis can be assessed using various non-invasive imaging techniques. However, the mechanisms underlying the higher risk of atherosclerotic CVD in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases are not fully known, although they seem to include chronic low-grade systemic inflammation leading to prolonged endothelial activation, accompanied by a pro-thrombotic/pro-coagulant and autoantibody state. Furthermore, sub-clinical atherosclerosis is also influenced by other traditional risk factors for CVD. Including the individual components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS: obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia and high blood pressure), the degree of which is higher in these patients than in controls. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the CV manifestations and risk factors involved in the increased risk of CVD among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
31938674 Combined Transcranial-supraorbital and Transconjunctival Approach for Optic Nerve Coloboma 2020 Jan We report a 59-year-old woman with optic nerve coloboma and ophthalmic dysplasia associated with rheumatoid arthritis. She experienced progressive visual dysfunction over the course of several years and presented with headache and pain in the left eye. Since infancy the visual acuity of her left eye had been compromised and her eyesight worsened gradually until she was blind in the left eye. Macroscopic observation showed a reddish lesion on the sclera thought to be due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography disclosed a well-defined cystic lesion at the left retro-bulbar optic nerve within the optic nerve sheath. We selected the combined transcranial-supraorbital and transconjunctival approach to remove the eyeball after detaching the optic nerve. This technique was successful and the placement of an ocular prosthetic was cosmetically acceptable.
33233989 Sjögren's syndrome with rapidly progressive motor neuron disease: a case report. 2020 Nov Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple systems. Sjögren's syndrome with motor neuron disease is rarely reported. Herein, we describe a patient with rapidly progressive motor neuron disease secondary to Sjögren's syndrome. A 42-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a 2-month history of progressive limb weakness. Neurological assessment revealed fasciculation in the lower limbs and amyotrophy in the bilateral supraspinatus, interosseous, and thenar muscles. Serological examination and labial gland biopsy revealed Sjögren's syndrome. In addition, electromyography demonstrated neurogenic damage to the upper and lower limbs. The patient received a short course of high-dose corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, and immunosuppressant treatment, including a weekly dose of 0.4 g cyclophosphamide and a daily dose of 0.2 g hydroxychloroquine. However, the patient's limb weakness was further aggravated and her respiratory function was compromised. Electromyography re-examination demonstrated extensive neurogenic damage, and she was diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome with motor neuron disease. The patient died of respiratory failure after 2 months. We suggest that more effective maintenance treatments should be sought. Further investigation is required to elucidate the association between autoimmune motor neuron disease and Sjögren's syndrome.
32920895 Lupus miliaris disseminatum faciei in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjö 2021 Jan We herein report a rare case of lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei on the chin and neck in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Histopathological features showed focal aggregates of epithelioid granulomas accompanied by mononuclear cell infiltration in the upper dermis. Immunohistological examination showed enhanced expression of CD68 and CD163. Recent findings have implicated a key role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, and alteration in M1 and M2 macrophage profile has been suggested. Increased expression of CD163 in the affected skin and other organs, and elevated serum levels of soluble CD163, are reported in systemic lupus erythematosus. Our results may suggest that activated M2 macrophages participated in the induction of lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome.
32233762 [Primary Sjögren's Syndrome - News on Diagnostics and Therapy]. 2020 Primary Sjögren's Syndrome - News on Diagnostics and Therapy Abstract. Primary Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that affects primarily the exocrine glands and is mainly characterized by sicca symptoms of the eyes and mouth, but also nose, throat, vagina and skin can be affected. Fatigue and pain are also very characteristic. Systemic manifestations can occur, e.g. in joints, muscles, lungs, kidneys, skin or the nervous system. A feared complication is the development of a lymphoma, the risk being especially high in case of positive anti-SSA-(Ro) antibodies, but also in case of a high ESSDAI score, hypocomplementemia, cytopenia or evidence of ectopic germinal centers in salivary gland biopsies. Diagnosis is principally made by verification of sicca symptoms (e.g. Schirmer's test) and detection of typical antibodies or a typical gland biopsy. Sicca symptoms are primarily treated symptomatically (e.g. artificial tears or saliva). In case of systemic manifestations glucocorticoids, conventional DMARDs or biologics (mostly rituximab) are treatment options. In severe cases, intravenous immunoglobulins or plasma exchange may be required.
32180040 FDG PET/CT used in identifying adult-onset Still's disease in connective tissue diseases. 2020 Sep PURPOSE: To explore the (18)F-fluoro-dexoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ((18)F-FDG PET/CT) imaging characteristics of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) and its significance in differential diagnosis from other connective tissue diseases (CTDs). METHODS: FDG PET/CT images of 54 patients with AOSD and 66 with other CTD from patients suffering from fever of unknown origin (FUO) were retrospectively studied and compared with 40 healthy controls. Clinical and PET/CT characteristics of AOSD and other CTDs were compared, and SUV(max) (maximum standardized uptake value) was used to analyze the differences of FDG uptake in the blood pool, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and hyperplastic lymph nodes between the AOSD and other CTDs. The SUV(max) ratios of the spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes to the liver were used to establish the diagnostic criteria for differential diagnosis of AOSD, and its diagnostic efficiency was evaluated. RESULTS: Positive findings are presented in 53/54 (98.1%) AOSD patients and 61/66 (92.4%) other CTD patients in PET/CT imaging. AOSD manifested as diffusely increased FDG uptake in the spleen and bone marrow, and multiple reactive hyperplasia lymph nodes are symmetrically distributed mainly in the neck and axilla, while other organs were seldom involved. Although these abnormalities could be seen in other CTDs, its incidence and uptake value were both higher in AOSD. If two or more of the following three standard were met, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of diagnosing AOSD could reach 90.7%, 92.4%, and 91.7%, respectively: ① spleen SUV(max)/liver SUV(max) ≥ 1.2 and/or bone marrow SUV(max)/liver SUV(max) ≥ 1.4; ②symmetrically distributed reactive hyperplastic lymph nodes mainly in the neck and axilla with a lymph node SUV(max)/liver SUV(max) ≥ 1.8; and ③ no other abnormal uptake found in other organs. CONCLUSION: Characteristic manifestations in AOSD were found on FDG PET/CT. These findings could help to identify AOSD from the other CTDs, especially in cases of fever of unknown origin, where it can assist in identifying the cause. Key Points • Image characteristics of FDG PET/CT in adult-onset Still's disease were described. • FDG PET/CT helps in identifying adult-onset Still's disease from the other connective tissue diseases. • FDG PET/CT imaging standard for diagnosing adult-onset Still's disease were established.
33156295 [Development of MALT-lymphoma in Sjögren syndrome]. 2020 Oct Important characteristics of Sjögren syndrome include a sensation of dry mouth, reduced saliva secretion and swelling of the large salivary glands, usually the parotids. Sjögren patients also run a significantly increased risk of developing a non-Hodgkin lymphoma, generally a so-called mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Such a MALT lymphoma often develops in the parotid gland. In 2 cases patients presented with recurrent swellings of the parotid glands who developed both Sjögren syndrome and a MALT lymphoma in both of their parotid glands.
31965185 Clinical characteristics and comorbidities in adult-onset Still's disease using a large US 2020 Jul 1 OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe clinical characteristics, treatment patterns and major comorbidities of a US-based adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) cohort. METHODS: Administrative claims data from Truven MarketScan were collected from 2009 to 2015. An AOSD case was defined as ≥1 M06.1 International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) medical claim code. We extracted data for the AOSD cohort (n = 106) and 1:5 matched controls (n = 530) without AOSD. Outcomes of interest and a novel claims-based set of Yamaguchi criteria were identified by relevant ICD 9th revision (ICD-9) and ICD-10 codes. Bivariate descriptive analyses were conducted on all variables. Comorbidity rates and rate ratios were calculated in AOSD cases and matched controls. Statistical significance of cohort differences was determined to compare AOSD cases and matched controls. RESULTS: The AOSD cohort, with a mean age of 43.08 (standard deviation, s.d. 13.9) years and with female predominance (68.9%) was observed over a mean of 750.12 (637.6) days. A total of 35.9% of AOSD patients fulfilled claims-based Yamaguchi criteria compared with 0.4% matched controls (P< 0.05). We identified severe AOSD-related complications, including macrophage activation syndrome (4.7%) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (12.3%). Treatment commonly involved systemic glucocorticoids (62.2%), MTX (51%) and anakinra (24.5%). Compared with matched controls, serious infections were significantly increased (rate ratio 2.58, 95% CI: 1.53, 4.37, P = 0.0004), while hyperlipidaemia (0.54, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.85; P = 0.008) and obesity (0.30, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.62; P = 0.001) were significantly decreased in AOSD patients. CONCLUSION: We characterized a first US-based AOSD cohort using a large national administrative claims database, and identified key complications, treatments and comorbidities.
32774630 [Adult onset Still's disease and lymphoma: a rare association]. 2020 Adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) and lymphomas are diseases characterized by very similar clinical and histopathological manifestations. The association between these diseases has rarely been reported in the literature. We here report the case of a 26-year old patient diagnosed with adult onset Still's disease. She had been previously treated for large B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (LBCNHL) with chemotherapy and haemopoietic stem-cell autograft with complete remission. The association between AOSD and lymphoma is rare and in all cases AOSD has been diagnosed before lymphoma. The peculiarity of this study lies in the succession LBCNHL- AOSD and raises several hypotheses on the association between these two diseases. The association between non-autoimmune diseases and lymphoid hemopathies have been widely demonstrated, whether it is the progression of autoimmune diseases vs lymphoma or non-autoimmune disease manifestations occurring in patients with this disease. This study highlights the difficult distinction between these diseases.
32361936 Association Between Nursing Support Levels and Effectiveness of Golimumab in the Managemen 2020 Jun INTRODUCTION: The main objective of this study was to assess the level of nursing support received by biologic-naïve rheumatological patients treated with golimumab during their first cycle. METHODS: Adult patients (N = 119; aged 46.9 ± 13.4 years (mean ± standard deviation); 49.6% males), with rheumatoid arthritis (N = 40), ankylosing spondylitis (N = 58) or psoriatic arthritis (N = 21), and treated with golimumab (first tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor) during a first reimbursement cycle were included by 17 Belgian centers. Patients were categorized in three levels of nursing support (intense, medium, or low). They filled in a non-validated and exploratory questionnaire about satisfaction, quality, and helpfulness of information. RESULTS: The nursing support was considered intense, medium, or low for 98 (82.4%), 10 (8.4%), and 11 (9.2%) patients, respectively. All disease activity scores improved versus baseline, and 90% of the patients qualified for treatment prolongation without major differences between nursing level groups. The proportion of patients able to self-inject golimumab was 88, 90, and 73% in the intense, medium, and low support groups, respectively. Satisfaction was high in all three nursing support groups. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective open-label study has confirmed the short-term effectiveness of golimumab in three rheumatological diseases, with most of the patients qualifying for reimbursement renewal. The limited sample size and the fact that the vast majority of patients benefited from an intense nursing support did not allow drawing definite conclusions concerning the impact of the nursing level on the treatment effectiveness and changes in the disease activity. Nurses seem however to play a crucial role in this short-term study but this remains to be confirmed in a longer-term study.
32695097 Recent Advances in Mouse Models of Sjögren's Syndrome. 2020 Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a complex rheumatoid disease that mainly affects exocrine glands, resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eye). SS is characterized by autoantibodies, infiltration into exocrine glands, and ectopic expression of MHC II molecules on glandular epithelial cells. In contrast to the well-characterized clinical and immunological features, the etiology and pathogenesis of SS remain largely unknown. Animal models are powerful research tools for elucidating the pathogenesis of human diseases. To date, many mouse models of SS, including induced models, in which disease is induced in mice, and genetic models, in which mice spontaneously develop SS-like disease, have been established. These mouse models have provided new insight into the pathogenesis of SS. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the field of experimental SS.