Search for: rheumatoid arthritis methotrexate autoimmune disease biomarker gene expression GWAS HLA genes non-HLA genes
| ID | PMID | Title | PublicationDate | abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018249 | The role of leukotriene antagonists and inhibitors in the treatment of airway disease. | 1991 May | Since the early recognition that leukotrienes are generated in response to allergen exposure, a role for these multipurpose mediators has been sought. The pharmacologic actions of the leukotrienes and their cell sources were strong evidence that they should contribute to allergic airway disease. That promise is now being fulfilled. Potent leukotriene receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors of leukotriene generation are now being investigated. With the availability of these new compounds, not only will greater insight to leukotrienes in asthma become apparent, but possibly newer, more effective therapeutics. Of additional interest and relevance is the potential role of leukotrienes in other nonrespiratory inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. Therefore, the role of leukotrienes in inflammation is not limited to the respiratory system but are more universal in their ability to cause tissue injury. Consequently, studies that have shown benefit from inhibition of leukotriene synthesis and antagonism of the LTD4 receptor in respiratory diseases are suggestive that such an approach will also be beneficial in other inflammatory diseases. For example, a study of 72 patients with A-64077 (zileuton) has demonstrated that 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors are efficacious in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, the contribution of leukotrienes to inflammation is likely to be a global phenomenon, and the introduction of leukotriene antagonists and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors may represent the beginning of a new era for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. | |
| 2267732 | [Anticardiolipin antibodies in diffuse connective tissue diseases with IgG, IgM and IgA is | 1990 Nov | Anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies were assessed in isotypes IgG, IgM and IgA by the enzyme immunochemical technique in serum of 86 subjects with diffuse connective tissue affections and in 75 subjects of three control groups (syphilis, syndrome of common variable immunodeficiency and blood donors). In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and syphilis the mean values of the three isotypes of aCL antibodies were significantly higher than in blood donors (p = 0.05 to 0.001); in diffuse scleroderma and primary polymyositis/dermatomyositis in isotype IgG (p = 0.01-0.001). Positive findings of aCL antibodies (isolated or in combinations of Ig isotypes (were found most frequently in SLE (34.4%), RA (33.3%) and syphilis (66.6%); sera of blood donors were positive in 8.7%. Venous thrombosis was recorded in the case-records of 28% patients with SLE but only in 5.4% of those with RA. Spontaneous abortion terminated 8/66 pregnancies in 28 women with SLE. In one female patient with SLE the aCL syndrome was detected. On account of frequent positivity of aCL antibodies in syphilis, the authors consider it essential to rule out the coincidence of this disease. Examination of aCL-IgA antibodies extends the detection of positive cases (isolated or in combinations of Ig) in SLE and RA. | |
| 2227640 | [Controlling and supporting apparatus of the deep finger flexor tendon and the long extens | 1990 Sep | Full function of finger flexion requires an intact pulley system. After destruction of the pulleys, reconstruction over the metacarpal head (A1) and over the center of the proximal and middle phalanges (A2, A4) should be carried out. Calculations on a computer model suggest that the reconstructed pulley must hold the tendon close to the underlying bone. Width of the pulley and distance from the next proximal or distal joint of the inserted pulley are of minor functional importance. The amount of maximum load on the pulley, exceeding the tension of the tendon, must be considered in operation and postoperative treatment. The extensor pollicis longus tendon lies at the dorsal tubercle (tubercle of Lister) within an osseous gliding surface, where it changes direction. The deviation angle depends on the radiocarpal position and causes, in addition to the usual tension, a pressure stress to that part of the tendon. A graphical analysis of statics, based on X-rays, demonstrates maximum loads on the gliding surface. They can increase in relation to the tension force of the tendon to about 50% in the antero-posterior and to 100% in the radioulnar projection. Densitography of the distal radius shows a maximum of density where the dorsal tubercle is most prominent. Nutritional problems of that tendon are predisposed by that particular mechanical stress. Therefore spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or after fracture of the distal radius occurs, though infrequently. In the case of immobilization, slight ulnar abduction within the radiocarpal joint remarkably reduces the tension and pressure stresses on the tendon. | |
| 1692074 | Specificity of crude and purified Fasciola antigens in immunodiagnosis of human fasciolias | 1990 Jun | A study has been done to find the effect of purification of crude antigens extracted from adult F. gigantica and F. hepatica on the cross reactions encountered in C.I.E.P., I.H.A. and E.L.I.S.A. serological techniques with sera o other parasitic and non-parasitic diseases. It was performed on 75 patients and 20 healthy controls. It was found that sera of many diseases may cross-react with crude Fasciola antigen in serological diagnosis. These diseases include schistosomiasis, hydatidosis, amoebic liver abscess, heterophyiasis, trichinosis, non parasitic liver diseases (liver neoplasms, pyogenic liver abscess, viral hepatitis and acute leukaemic) and rheumatoid arthritis. Partial purification of crude Fasciola antigens is a suitable method to avoid cross reactivity when using C.I.E.P. or to diminish them when using E.L.I.S.A. No need for this purification when using I.H.A. So using partially purified adult Fasciola antigens C.I.E.P. was the most specific test (100%) of followed by C.L.I.S.A. then I.H.A. | |
| 2335234 | Interleukin-1 beta induces synthesis and secretion of interleukin-6 in human chondrocytes. | 1990 Apr 24 | Increased concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been found in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and crystal-related joint diseases. It is therefore of great interest to identify the cells responsible for the production of IL-6, and to investigate whether IL-6 plays a role in the pathogenesis of degenerative or inflammatory joint diseases. Here we show that human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) induces IL-6 synthesis and secretion in differentiated human chondrocytes. In organ cultures resembling closely the in vivo system 10(6) chondrocytes incubated with 100 units of interleukin-1 beta per ml of medium led to the release of 6 X 10(3) units of IL-6 within 24 h. Chondrocytes cultured in agarose or as monolayers similarly incubated with IL-1 beta produced even higher amounts of IL-6: 70 X 10(3) units per 10(6) cells within 24 h. The induction of IL-6 synthesis by IL-1 beta was also shown at the mRNA level. IL-6 secreted by stimulated chondrocytes showed heterogeneity upon Western blot analysis. | |
| 2159646 | Induction of endogenous arachidonic acid metabolism in human neutrophils with snake venom | 1990 Mar | The stimuli responsible for eicosanoid secretion of phagocytes in chronic inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease are unknown. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2), found in Russelli vipera snake venom, has been proposed to be more than 100 times more potent on a molar basis than A23187 in releasing leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from porcine neutrophils. Therefore, this enzyme was investigated as a challenger of human neutrophils (PMNs) and compared with immune complexes and A23187. 1-14C-Arachidonic acid (AA) was incorporated into purified human PMNs until steady state conditions were obtained. AA release and metabolism were stimulated with either PLA2 isoenzyme of Russelli vipera, immune complexes, or A23187. The radioactive eicosanoids released were extracted and separated by thin layer chromatography, followed by autoradiography and quantitative laser densitometry. Stimulation with PLA2, immune complexes, or A23187 resulted in LTB4 formation of 0%, 1.8%, and 5.3%, respectively, of total released radioactivity. In conclusion, Russelli vipera PLA2 does not stimulate AA-release and metabolism in human PMNs, and immune complexes are weak as compared to the unphysiologic challenger A23187 in this respect. | |
| 2303511 | Bone-grafting in total hip arthroplasty for protrusio acetabuli. A follow-up note. | 1990 Feb | The results of total hip arthroplasty with the use of medial and superior bone-graft augmentation in thirty-nine hips (thirty-two patients) that had protrusio acetabuli were previously reported after two to eight years (mean, 4.7 years) of follow-up. We followed the surviving patients for 10.9 to 17.4 years (mean, 12.8 years). The average Harris hip-rating was 72 points--an average drop of 17 points since the previous report. The average was 64 points for patients who had rheumatoid arthritis and 83 points for those who had another diagnosis. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated definite, probable, and possible loosening in about 20, 10, and 60 per cent of the hips, respectively. Of the six hips that had definite loosening, four (10 per cent of the total series) had progression of the protrusion (acetabular migration); operative revision was performed on two of those four hips and on two other hips, in which progression had ceased. Hips that had progressive protrusion demonstrated superior migration more often than medial migration. The rates of loosening and revision were similar to those in hips that did not have protrusio acetabuli. We concluded that augmentation of total hip arthroplasty with bone-grafting is effective in arresting the progression of protrusio acetabuli in most hips (90 per cent in our series). | |
| 2500127 | Comparison of the effects of auranofin and retinoic acid on plasminogen activator activity | 1989 Jul 1 | Urokinase-type plasminogen activator, a neutral proteinase, seems to play a central role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix that accompanies a number of biological phenomena including inflammatory reactions and neoplasia. The effect of auranofin and retinoic acid on the plasminogen activator activity expressed by two cell types, i.e. murine macrophages and Lewis lung carcinoma cells, has been investigated. Low concentrations of both drugs (10(-6)-10(-7) M) can inhibit in vitro the induction of plasminogen activator in macrophages stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. This action occurs rapidly (15 min), is irreversible and is independent of a global cytotoxic effect. Auranofin and retinoic acid remain without effect in macrophages when added after stimulation by the phorbol ester. Both drugs are thus potent inhibitors of the induction of plasminogen activator activity in macrophages, possibly through an interaction with the protein kinase C system. The plasminogen activator activity of Lewis lung carcinoma cells, which is apparently not dependent on a protein kinase C pathway, is not influenced by auranofin or retinoic acid. These observations may contribute to explain: (1) the activity of auranofin and retinoic acid in rheumatoid arthritis, and (2) the antitumor promoting activity of retinoic acid. It would be relevant to assess whether auranofin may exhibit, like retinoic acid, an antitumor-promoting activity. | |
| 2708821 | Stimulation of human synovial fibroblast DNA synthesis by platelet-derived growth factor a | 1989 May 1 | The pronounced synovial hyperplasia often found in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis could be explained partially by the action of monocyte-macrophage polypeptides (monokines). This report demonstrates that two cytokines which may be derived from monocyte-macrophage populations, namely platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stimulate the DNA synthesis and proliferation of human synovial fibroblast-like cells cultured in low (i.e., 1%) fetal bovine serum. Epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-II (multiplication stimulating activity) and substance P were inactive. Unlike IL-1, PDGF and FGF do not also stimulate PGE2, plasminogen activator, and hyaluronic acid levels. Thus PDGF and FGF, arising from stimulated monocyte-macrophages, may play a role in the stimulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation that often accompanies chronic inflammatory arthritic disease. The synovial cells respond to a variety of cytokines in different ways suggesting multiple-signaling pathways. | |
| 2812955 | Clinical significance of circulating immune complex assay in patients with systemic lupus | 1989 | Circulating immune complexes (IC) were assayed in 65 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 34 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 40 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), 35 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) and 30 healthy controls. Immunoglobulin components of PEG-precipitated IC from 10 patients with SLE were also determined. Cryoglobulins isolated from 11 patients with SLE were assayed for their IC-like activity. The effect of corticosteroid treatment on IC levels were also studied in SLE patients with nephritis. IC levels significantly increased in all groups but those of SLE patients were the highest values. The SLE patients with nephritis had higher levels than those without renal involvement. IgG- d IgM- but no IgA-components were found in 100% and, 90%, respectively, of IC preparations. IC-like activity of cryoglobulins were found to correlate with disease severity and appeared to be characteristic of clinical manifestations. Corticosteroid therapy significantly decreased IC levels, however, related to the entire patient group, the mean of IC level was still higher than that of healthy controls. The degree of IC level decrease (as percentage), but not absolute values, appeared to be significant in assessing disease activity. The clinical significance of IC determination and IC activity of cryoglobulins are discussed. | |
| 2630385 | Radioimmunoassay of circulating alpha-interferon with reference to aging and osteoporosis. | 1989 | Circulating immunoreactive alpha-interferon in elderly individuals was 0.139 +/- 0.042 ng/ml in males and 0.111 +/- 0.033 ng/ml in females at ages 70-79, and 0.120 +/- 0.045 ng/ml in males and 0.105 +/- 0.039 ng/ml in females at ages 80-89. These values were significantly lower than those in young adults (p less than 0.01), but higher compared with the values found in disease states including rheumatoid arthritis (p less than 0.0025). There was no correlation between circulating alpha-interferon and bone mass indices, such as bone mineral content or quantitative computed tomography values, in these elderly individuals. Circulating alpha-interferon was, however, significantly increased in senile osteoporotic patients after 2 months of treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitonin, whereas it was unaltered in patients receiving ipriflavone or in nonosteoporotic individuals without medication. These findings indicate that circulating alpha-interferon, which is highest in young adults, declines with aging. It appears that circulating alpha-interferon is maintained at a certain steady-state level in healthy elderly individuals. Although there was no apparent relationship between bone mass indices and circulating alpha-interferon, it is possible that bone and cellular metabolism related to vitamin D3 may be contributing factors for the maintenance of circulating alpha-interferon. | |
| 2585011 | A comparison of interview data and medical records for previous medical conditions and sur | 1989 | Although interview information is usually the sole source of data in case-control studies, the accuracy of such data is infrequently assessed. We compared interview data on selected medical conditions and surgical procedures with medical records of subjects with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We examined agreement by type of respondent (self or surrogate), age, sex, race, and type of hospital. The strength of agreement between the two data sources (as measured by kappa statistics) was substantial kappa greater than 0.6) for splenectomy, appendectomy, asthma, and systemic lupus erythematosus; moderate kappa greater than 0.4) for tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy, tuberculosis, diverticulitis, hepatitis, rheumatic fever, and drug allergy; and poor kappa less than 0.3) for chronic bronchitis, chronic sinusitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and most other types of allergy. In general, self respondents had more accurate recall than surrogate respondents. Among self respondents the strength of agreement tended to be greater for males than females, for whites than blacks, and for subjects from referral hospitals than for community hospitals. No consistent patterns were apparent by age. Despite a number of limitations, the findings of the study provide an addition to the scant epidemiologic literature on this topic, and suggest that for certain conditions medical record data collection may be needed to supplement interview information. | |
| 2461986 | Potentiation of IL-1-induced BALB/3T3 fibroblast proliferation by neuropeptides. | 1988 Dec 15 | The interactions between IL-1 and several neuropeptides associated with pain and inflammation were examined in the context of fibroblast proliferation as a paradigm for the synovial hyperplasia associated with chronic rheumatoid arthritis. The BALB/3T3 fibroblast cell line, which proliferates in response to increasing doses of IL-1, demonstrated enhanced proliferation after a 72-h culture period when various neuropeptides were included with IL-1 in serum-free medium. Thus, bradykinin, at concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-5) M, moderately promoted [3H]TdR incorporation in vitro in the BALB/3T3 cells, and substance P at approximately 3 x 10(-9) to 3 x 10(-7) M demonstrated minor proliferative activity. However, when the cells were cultured with IL-1 plus substance P or IL-1 plus BK, the ensuing proliferative responses, as measured by [3H]TdR incorporation, were consistently magnified greater than or equal to twofold above the anticipated additive response caused by IL-1 in combination with either of those neuropeptides. Combinations of IL-1 and SP, or IL-1 and BK, also provoked increases in cell numbers that did not occur when the mediators were tested individually. In other experiments, we tested neurokinin-A, Neurokinin-B, histamine, and serotonin. These results are discussed with respect to neurogenic contributions to the immunopathology of IL-1-mediated inflammation. | |
| 3401669 | Fournier's gangrene following vasectomy. | 1988 Jun | ||
| 3284702 | Autoimmunity and otologic disease: clinical and experimental aspects. | 1988 Jun | Each of the anatomic structures of the ear (external, middle, and inner) is subject to immunologic influence and injury. Studies in experimental animals have shown that primary immune responses to foreign antigens can be induced within the middle and inner ear as indicated by (1) infiltration and local persistence of mononuclear leukocytes and plasma cells, (2) appearance of antibody in perilymph, and (3) eventual development of systemic immunity. Protective effects of inner ear immunization against subsequent viral challenge have also been shown. Clinically, otologic disease can occur in association with a wide variety of systemic autoimmune and immunologic disorders: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet's disease, Sjögren's syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, ulcerative colitis, Cogan's syndrome, and vasculitis-related disease. Evidence for immunologic involvement has also been found in cases of idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss frequently accompanied by vestibular-dysfunction (Meniere's disease). Many of these cases progress into systemic autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune-associated hearing loss has been recognized as one of the few types of treatable hearing dysfunction, with good responses to immunosuppressive therapy. The pathogenesis of autoimmune-related otologic disease has not been established; however, evidence suggests three possible types of immunologic injury: (1) autoantibody binding to type II collagen or other otologic components (type II immunologic injury); (2) immune complex formation leading to vasculitis (type III); and (3) T cell-mediated autoreactivity to inner ear membranous elements (type IV). These mechanisms may not be mutually exclusive. Clinical laboratory procedures should be directed at evaluating these possibilities to assist in diagnosis. | |
| 3266492 | Epidemiologic considerations of the geriatric population. | 1988 | In the free-living population, approximately 30% of men and 53% of women over the age of 55 years have peripheral joint complaint. Neck and low back complaints occur in 25% of men and 40% of women in the corresponding age group. One third of free-living elderly people suffer from rheumatism. About 25% have shortness of breath, and another 25% have hypertension. Diabetes ranks seventh among self-reported diseases. Approximately 40% of elderly people report a poor health condition, 20-50% cannot perform all activities of daily life, and about 30% are physically handicapped. An examination of problems seen by general practitioners reveals that overweight ranks first (prevalence, 20% of visits per year), osteoarthritis second (19% of visits per year), and hypertension third (17.5% of visits per year); diabetes, however, ranks thirteenth among problems seen during annual visits to the general practitioner. Only 20-50% of people suffering from osteoarthritis or entesopathies soft-tissue rheumatisms visit their general practitioners, while three quarter do so in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. For people older than 55 years of age, 40-60% of men, and 55-82% of women use drugs daily. Analgesics and antirheumatic drugs are used daily by 15% of women and 5% of men over 55 years old. In view of our aging population, it can be anticipated that soon after the year 2000, the percentage of elderly people will be doubled in most European countries reaching 25% of the total population, while 40% will be older than 55 years of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | |
| 3257462 | On the nature of natural thymocytotoxic antibodies. A screening in neonatal, young, adult | 1988 | The thymocytotoxic activity of human sera against guinea pig cells was earlier shown to be mediated by IgM and a heat-labile serum factor, presumably complement. It is not known if such natural cytotoxic activity represents background activity of preexisting clones of immunoglobulin-producing cells, cross-reacting antibodies appearing after immunization, physiological immune regulatory molecules, or components of an immune network. We have therefore examined the presence of thymocytotoxic IgM molecules in normal adult and neonatal sera and in a number of diseases which affect the lymphoid and immune system. The thymocytotoxic effect of serum was measured in different dilutions, both directly and after heat inactivation of the sera and supplementation with a standard amount of IgM-depleted serum, which is inactive in itself but provides a fixed amount of the heat-labile cofactor. The cytotoxic IgM was present in various amounts in all sera tested, although in neonates very small amounts were found. No specific aberration in toxic activity was seen in rheumatoid arthritis or a number of hematological diseases. In general, the cytotoxic activity correlated well with the total amount of IgM. However, in cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and immunocytoma aberrant cytotoxic activities were found, but to ascertain a connection between these diseases and the factor would require a more extensive follow-up study. The results indicate that the naturally occurring thymocytotoxic IgM is widespread and may reflect a clone of B cells which is activated by an endogenous stimulus, or by some ubiquitous exogenous immunogen. | |
| 3435328 | Longitudinal study of very low birthweight infants: impairments, health and distance growt | 1987 Dec | Of 456 consecutive infants born in a tertiary maternity centre in 1966-70 and of birthweight under 1501 g, 171 (37.5%) survived their primary hospitalization. Subsequently three children died and the outcome of 142 (90.5%) of the remaining children presumably still alive were reviewed at a mean age of 14.5 years. Four children had cerebral palsy although only one child was legally blind, 31.6% (48/152) had an existing or corrected visual impairment; visual impairments occurred significantly more frequently in those of birthweight under 1251 g or those born before 29 weeks gestation. Six children required hearing aids and three others were still epileptic. Four children were chronic asthmatics and one had rheumatoid arthritis. None had disabling malformations and there was no delay in pubertal changes. The distributions of weight, height and head circumference percentiles were not significantly different from a standard Australian population. For children in the cohort, weights and heights were under the 10th percentile in 13.4% and 14.1%, respectively. Of the 30 children with birthweights under the 10th percentile and who were reviewed as teenagers, only eight (26.7%) were still in this weight category. | |
| 2442962 | Giant-cell arteritis. Histological, immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic studies. | 1987 Sep | Biopsies from the temporal artery of 32 patients suspected of giant-cell arteritis were evaluated retrospectively by light microscopy, histochemical, and immunohistochemical methods, as well as by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At the clinical follow-up the 32 patients included four clinical groups: temporal arteritis (8 patients), polymyalgia rheumatica (10 patients), rheumatoid arthritis (4 patients), and a group of miscellaneous diseases unrelated to inflammatory rheumatic diseases (10 patients). There were a number of similarities between age-related alterations in the arteries and the changes in giant-cell arteritis. The most important differences were the inflammatory cellular infiltration of the media, the perifocal accumulation of fibronectin, and the occurrence of deposits of fibrin/fibrinogen and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products. In addition, alpha-2 macroglobulin, lysozyme and factor VIII were also noted in giant-cell arteritis. The alterations in giant-cell arteritis show a number of similarities to the changes following experimental vascular injury of the rabbit aorta. The nature of the findings in human giant-cell arteritis, as well as the similarity to the experimental arteritis, indicate that giant-cell arteritis may reflect a non-specific reaction to injury, independent of the cause of the disease. | |
| 3105897 | Enhancement of human T-lymphocyte growth by human transferrin in the presence of fetal bov | 1987 May | All dividing cells require transferrin as a growth factor. During in vitro culture of human lymphocytes, transferrin is usually supplied in the form of serum, either synergic or xenogenic (usually fetal bovine serum (FBS)). In the present work the growth of certain human T-cell lines was examined; these lines were derived from the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients and maintained in 10% FBS and 1% synovial fluid. Their growth especially at limiting dilutions was found to be strongly dependent on the presence of synovial fluid at low concentration (0.05-0.1%) in culture medium containing 10% FBS. Further studies indicated that this effect of synovial fluid was duplicated by human serum or plasma, and was due to the presence of human transferrin. A significant effect on T-cell growth was observed using 2 micrograms/ml human transferrin with optimal growth at 10-20 micrograms/ml. This requirement for human transferrin was not a peculiarity of the synovium-derived T-cell lines, but was observed with all T-cell lines tested irrespective of phenotype or function. These observations suggest that bovine transferrin is inadequate for T-cell growth, and that the growth enhancing properties of FBS do not primarily reflect the provision of transferrin. Since some T cells have recently been shown to be capable of secreting transferrin upon activation, endogenous synthesis of transferrin may be an important factor in the in vitro growth of T cells so that such cells would be selected when FBS is the source of serum used to grow human T-cell lines or clones. |