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PMID	Title	PublicationDate	abstract
7288757	The coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report an	1981 May	We describe a patient with longstanding classical erosive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who after many years developed the clinical and serological manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) including diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. She fulfilled the ARA preliminary criteria for the classification of SLE as well as the ARA criteria for classical RA. In addition she had antibodies to native DNA, hypocomplementemia, and deposits of immunoglobulins at the dermal-epidermal junction of the non-lesional skin. The rarity of the concurrence of these 2 diseases in the same patient and the discriminating findings with tissue typing analysis suggest that this coexistence may be coincidental.
3903	[Long-term treatment of chronic polyarthritis using benorylate].	1976 Jan	The antiphlogistic and analgesic effect and the compatibility of benorylate, a acetamidophenyl-acetoxy-benzoate, was tested in 33 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in an open study over a period of 6 months. Benorylate is particularly qualified for treatment of a beginning rheumatoid arthritis and for diseases with a low inflammatory activity. For patients with high inflammatory activity treatment with this substance alone is not sufficient. Side effects are mainly subjective troubles. Severe side effects were not observed. Besides the usual laboratory investigations a regular control of the blood count is advisable during long term treatment. Like with other antirheumatic drugs occasional investigations of the stool for occult blood are recommended.
607393	Death rate and causes of death in RA patients during a period of five years.	1977	Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 500 males and 500 females, aged 40 years or over, together with an age and sex matched control population, were observed over a 5-year period. During the follow-up 176 RA patients and 107 controls died. The most common causes of death in RA patients were cardiovascular diseases (86 patients), renal failure (33 patients), infections (23 patients), and malignant neoplasms (21 patients); in the controls, the corresponding data are cardiovascular diseases (53), malignant neoplasms (30), infections (9), and accidents (8).
4051589	Bidirectional erosion of cartilage in the rheumatoid knee joint.	1985 Oct	Specimens of cartilage with contiguous bone and overlying synovial pannus were obtained from 22 rheumatoid knee joints and examined histologically using specific histochemical staining techniques. All showed significant erosions of cartilage by synovial cells, but seven specimens also showed substantial cartilage erosion by cells from the subchondral bone region. This bidirectional attack on rheumatoid knee cartilage did not represent an 'underpinning' of cartilage by synovial pannus, as judged by serial sectioning and the identification of specific cells. Whereas cartilage-pannus junctions had mainly macrophagic or fibroblastic cells, cartilage-bone lesions were usually characterised by chondroclasts and blood vessels. Lymphocytes were generally absent from all sites of cartilage erosion. The bidirectional attack on articular knee cartilage suggests that changes have occurred within the cartilage that make it vulnerable to cellular invasion and erosion. Such changes might reflect a deficiency in 'anti-invasion factors', or the exposure of hidden epitopes and subsequent immunogenicity, or a combination of both.
7291955	Osmic acid versus yttrium-90 in rheumatoid synovitis of the knee.	1981	The effectiveness of osmic acid and yttrium-90 in the treatment of synovitis of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis is compared in 126 patients followed-up for 3 years. Ninety-one knees were injected with osmic acid and eighty-four knees with yttrium-90. Osmic acid appeared to be more effective than yttrium-90 throughout the period of the follow-up but the difference only reached statistical significance (p less than 0.05) at 3 years. Both therapies were well tolerated by patients and should be considered as an alternative to operative synovectomy.
6987869	Cutaneous vascular immunofluorescence in rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with circulatin	1980 Mar	The presence of immunoglobulin and complement in the cutaneous blood vessels of clinically uninvolved forearm skin was studied in 70 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using immunofluorescent techniques. Patients with evidence of these immune deposits had a greater prevalence of circulating immune complexes, vasculitic skin lesions, subcutaneous nodules, high titer rheumatoid factor and other findings suggestive of active vasculitis. Biopsy of uninvolved forearm skin may be a useful tool in assessing those patients with rheumatoid arthritis suspected of having a systemic vasculitis.
6990882	Defective polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis in rheumatoid arthritis associated with a	1980 Feb	Cellular and/or serum components of polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis were assessed in 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. No difference in the chemotactic migration of control and patient cells in response to a number of chemotactic solutions could be detected (P = 0.38). Deficient generation of chemotactic activity in patient sera (P = 0.58) as compared to control sera (P = 0.014) after incubation of the sera with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, resulted in a significant difference in the chemotactic activity of the control and rheumatoid serum preparations for polymorphonuclear leucocytes (P = 0.0012). This defect was associated with the presence of a serum inhibitor of chemotaxis, the potency of which was inversely correlated with the level of chemotactic activity generated in the rheumatoid sera (r = -0.941, P less than 0.001).
629603	Assessment of rheumatoid inflammation in the knee joint. A reappraisal.	1978 Feb	Subjective pain score, clinical assessment, 99m technetium joint uptake, infrared thermography, and thermistor skin temperature measurements were evaluated and compared in patients with rheumatoid knee treated with intra-articular hydrocortisone. In 11 patients with definite and classical rheumatoid arthritis, 10 of whom had unilateral knee involvement, the affected knee joints were assessed by the above techniques before and at intervals after treatment of up to 14 days. The anti-inflammatory property of the steroid therapy was shown by all the assessment parameters, values having decreased significantly from the pretreatment values. However, the only parameter still showing a statistically significant decrease on the 14th post-treatment day was 99mTc joint uptake. Correlations were obtained between the two clinical measurements assessed by a physician i.e. pain score and index of joint inflammation. Both of these also correlated with the 99mTc joint uptake but not with skin temperature measurements. Using the clinical assessments as a yardstick, 99mTc joint uptake seemed to provide a useful index of changes in disease activity in the group as a whole. However, skin temperature measurements by infrared thermography and by the thermistor were of considerably less value.
7138270	Air pressure splint effects on hand symptoms of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.	1982 Nov	Thirty patients with symptomatic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of both hands were treated with an air pressure splint. Evaluations were made by measuring ring size, hand volume, range and rate of finger motions, grip strength and degree of pain and stiffness. One hand was randomly assigned to the treatment group while the other served as a control. Patients received the air splint treatment for 5 consecutive days. Data were analyzed by a 2-factor repeated analysis of variance to determine the effectiveness of 1 treatment, the cumulative effect of 5 treatments, the effect of the 5th treatment, and whether the results after the 1st treatment lasted until the 5th treatment. All measurements except hand volume significantly improved with the 1st treatment. Furthermore, the beneficial effects persisted throughout the treatment period. These data indicate the air splint treatment is effective in reducing swelling and other symptoms of RA in the hands.
182092	Virus antibody levels and delayed hypersensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis.	1976 Apr	Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus antibody levels were not higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to matched controls. Delayed hypersensitivity, measured by skin test reactivity, was depressed in rheumatoid arthritis. There was no correlation between virus antibody titres and delayed hypersensitivity.
3978363	Peripheral joint involvement in polymyalgia rheumatica: a clinical study of 56 cases.	1985 Feb	A follow-up study of 56 patients with the provisional diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica showed that 12 developed peripheral synovitis during the course of the illness. Five of the 12 were noted to have synovitis on presentation which was characteristically mild, pauci-articular and cleared quickly after commencing prednisolone therapy. The remaining seven had persistent synovitis of peripheral small joints despite an initial brisk response to oral prednisolone. Five of these patients were found to satisfy the ARA criteria for rheumatoid arthritis after a mean follow-up period of 3.5 years. It is suggested that the persistence of peripheral synovitis in patients treated as polymyalgia rheumatica should alert the clinician to the possible development of rheumatoid arthritis.
6305665	Sequential quantitative joint scintigraphy in the investigation of anti-inflammatory effec	1983	Ten patients with rheumatoid arthritis were given piroxicam in a single daily dose of 20-40 mg for 16 weeks. The average number of painful joints decreased from 16.7 to 4.0. Similar reductions were seen in the number of inflamed joints and number of tender joints. Scintigraphic study of the patients revealed a clear reduction in 99TC uptake suggesting significant anti-inflammatory activity of the drug.
6871592	What treatments for rheumatoid arthritis can best be assessed by large, simple, long-term	1983 Aug	If the really important questions in the long-term management of rheumatoid arthritis are to be answered reliably, then clinical trials may have to be undertaken that are very much larger and simpler than has previously been the case. For sufficient numbers of busy clinicians to collaborate wholeheartedly with such trials, the extra work per patient should be very slight. In addition, the collaborators should be more than recompensed for even that slight extra trouble by pro-rata secretarial and/or locum assistance, so that it will actually be less work for them to collaborate wholeheartedly in such a trial than not to do so. Two particular trials are discussed to illustrate these general principles.
6573017	Concentration of carprofen in the serum and the synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis pat	1983	Concentrations of carprofen in the serum and the synovial fluid were determined in 13 patients with classical or confirmed rheumatoid arthritis. Four hours after the oral administration of 100 mg of carprofen, as one capsule, concentrations in the synovial fluid were found to be between 3.5 micrograms/ml and 9.7 micrograms/ml, with a mean value (+/- SD) of 6.2 +/- 1.4 micrograms/ml, and concentrations in the serum were between 4.7 micrograms/ml and 14.8 micrograms/ml, with a mean value of 9.8 +/- 2.9 micrograms/ml. The carprofen concentrations in synovial fluid varied from 36.3 to 103.0% of those in serum, with a mean value of 65.0 +/- 14.4%. There is a highly significant correlation between carprofen concentrations in the serum and the synovial fluid.
1190702	Radiation synovectomy of the rheumatoid knee with yttrium 90.	1975 Jun	The use of radioactive yttrium (90Y) in the treatment of rheumatoid knee joints is described. Clinical results in 48 knees after a mean observation period of more than 3 years are reported: 60 percent excellent or good at one year, 46 percent at two years, 33 percent at three years and 17 percent at four years. The number of failures or relapses exceeded 50 percent between 30 and 36 months. The average rate of relapse in successful cases was 12.8 percent per year. The most important factors associated with unsatisfactory result were advanced articular destruction and progression of the systemic disease.
377475	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of IgM rheumatoid factor.	1979	A semi-automated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of IgM rheumatoid factor was established. Human gammaglobulin (Cohn fraction II) was used as an antigen on a solid phase of polystyrene microtitre trays. The results were read on a spectrophotometer. ELISA and the sheep cell agglutination test were compared in a study of sera from 400 blood donors, 53 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and of 200 sera received for routine determination of rheumatoid factor. The results of the two tests correlated well. The ELISA procedure was precise, objective, inexpensive and well suited for quantitative routine determination of IgM rheumatoid factor.
366139	Degree of responsiveness to levamisole and factors influencing responsiveness and adverse	1978	The individual response to treatment, and factors influencing this response, were evaluated by means of Lewi's mathematical model in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients showed a graded response to anti-inflammatory agents ranging from deterioration through moderate to marked improvement. Levamisole was superior to anti-inflammatory agents in preventing deterioration or inducing marked improvement. Patients in an early stage of disease were the best responders and had fewest idiosyncratic reactions. The responses were independent of the treatment schedule used. A threshold dose of levamisole exists, but it is not critically dependent on body weight.
6172050	Possible role of histamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment with cimetidine and mepyrami	1981 Aug	Basophilocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) responded to leukocyte nuclei from normal persons with histamine release; a similar histamine release induced by the nuclear components RNA and DNA has been demonstrated previously. A role of histamine in RA is also supported by the findings of clinical improvement during treatment with H1 and H2 antihistamines in six of 12 patients with RA in active phase, whereas four showed definite deterioration.
366145	Levamisole and cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis--clinical and laboratory correlat	1978	Studies in a number of laboratories have confirmed a deficiency in lymphocyte PHA mitogen response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Improvement in T cell function in these deficient patients had been noted with levamisole treatment. We have also shown clinical improvement associated with reversal of this deficiency during a double-blind controlled study with levamisole. Patients showing good clinical response showed a greater enhancement of T cell function as compared to those patients showing a poor clinical response to levamisole. Clinical responders also showed a significantly greater enhancement with in vitro levamisole added to lymphocyte culture prior to drug treatment than did poor clinical responders. Decreased B cell function, immunoglobulin and autoantibody levels have also been observed with levamisole treatment. These studies may suggest that levamisole is acting by normalizing T cell function with a presumed secondary suppressive effect on B cell autoantibody synthesis.
6334739	Interleukin abnormalities in recently active rheumatoid arthritis.	1984 Oct	Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) produced increased amounts of interleukin (IL) (p less than 0.05) as measured in a mouse thymocyte assay and showed enhanced proliferation in response to an IL containing supernatant (p less than 0.05) when compared with 9 age matched controls. Both enhanced IL production (p greater than 0.01) and responsiveness (p less than 0.002) were seen exclusively in a subgroup of 7 patients with a recent onset or exacerbation of their disease. PBL from RA patients with equally active disease which had been unchanged for more than 6 months produced and responded to IL normally. There was a direct correlation between IL production and responsiveness (r = 0.69, p less than 0.005). These 2 distinct IL abnormalities appear to reflect disease initiating or exacerbating factors in RA.